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i dont understand internalism and externalism
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Reflexive Transparency, Mental Content, and Externalism
It has been disputed whether an externalist conception of the individuation of intentional states, such as beliefs and desires, is compatible with self-knowledge, that is, the claim that one's judgments about one's intentional states are non-evidential, non-inferential, and authoritative. I want to argue that these theses are indeed incompatible, notwithstanding an important objection to this incompatibility claim. The worry has been raised that if externalism is true, then for a subject to know, say, that he or she believes that p, the subject would need to know, on the basis of some evidence, the external conditions which determine the belief's content. Thus, externalism would be incompatible with self-knowledge. But many philosophers have accepted an objection suggesting that this worry is mistaken because in order to have a belief one need not know the metaphysical conditions determining its content, even if they are externalist. And thus, the subject's reflexive judgment about the belief would not need to rest on evidence about those external conditions. But this objection rests on a crucial assumption according to which mental content is reflexively transparent in the sense that a subject could not judge that she or he has an intentional state and be mistaken about the content of her or his state, even if the content is externally determined. My main purpose is not reflexively transparent on the assumption of externalism and, thus, self-knowledge and externalism are incompatible.
I. Self-knowledge, Externalism, and an Incompatibility Worry
It has been disputed whether an externalist conception of the individuation of intentional states, such as beliefs and des...
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...ciation, pp. 441-458.
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Theo Van Doesburg was a Dutch artist. He practiced poetry, architecture, writing, and painting. He was an ambassador for the De Stijl movement. He was on a tour in Holland and it was called Dada campaign. It introduced local artist to dada. Theo sold a pamphlet explaining “wat is Dada?”. In 1922 he founded a dada magazine called Mecano. Theo went to paris. He and Mondriaan attended dada soirees and viewed works of members. He was was part of the paris dada group who George Ribemont-Dessaignes, Francis Picabia, Suzanne Duchamp and Jean Crotti were a part of. He would contact dada groups in Berlin and paris in 1920. Thoe’s artwork is full of words and is very random. It is also confusing and strange.
Notional confrontation cannot be ways of refusing to take part in a conversation. For someone participating in a disagreement, Schafer’s assessor relativism gives two options, either converge upon a belief with your opponent, or refuse to converse with your opponent. Contrarily, Williams’ idea of notional and real confrontation says someone participating in a disagreement can only convert to their opponent’s belief, and they can only do this if and only if conversion is a real option. If there is no real option, then there is no confrontation, or disagreement. Intuitively, there is no other option that one coul...
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Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese method of "encouraging the body to promote natural healing and improve bodily function" (1) that dates back as far as 4,700 years ago. Now for the past 25 years it has appeared in the U.S. as a popular form of alternative medicine, and it is "a licensed and regulated HealthCare profession in about half the states in the U.S." (3). It is most often called upon for problems such as lower back pain, migraines, arthritis, and additional non-fatal aches and pains. Some people say it works, others are still skeptical. Since this method does not seem to be based on "actual science", is it merely a placebo effect? Can a medical practice dated nearly five millenniums ago still prove to be valid?
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A feasibility study.” The purpose of this small controlled study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture at decreasing neuropathic pain and improving health-related quality of life. The author 's hypothesis was that acupuncture would significantly reduce pain in these types of patients. This study involved only twelve participants from a podiatry clinic dedicated to teaching students. All participants had to be over 18 years old, diagnosed with diabetes and have a history of diabetes-related neuropathic pain for at least 3 months. Participants in this study completed assessment surveys before and after they were given acupuncture. Acupuncture was given five times during a four-week period. The surveys assessed the participants’ belief in the effectiveness of acupuncture, their quality of life, and current pain level. This study concluded that acupuncture did help reduce neuropathic pain in all the participants but it was not statistically significant. The self-reported belief in acupuncture survey showed a statistical difference in belief of the effects of acupuncture before and after a course of the intervention. This might be because most of the participants in this study reported The quality of life survey assessed six domains and all showed improvement. Although the
Lewes, G. H., The Problems of Life and Mind, Vol. I (London: Trübner and Co., 1874).
5) Roberts, David E. "Introduction" Existentialism and Religious belief" New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.
The International Dada Archive of the University of Iowa is an example of the how the Internet is used as a tool to immortalize the works of the Dada movement. The purpose of the archive is to preserve and spread the written word of the Dada movement. Unlike contemporary art, the artist and writers of the Dada movement did not aim to create eternal works of art and literature (Shipe 2). Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball, leaders of the movement, reacted against World War I and wanted to open the way to a new art and a new society. Though Dadaists published books and displayed their work, the real spirit of Dada was in events: cabaret performances, demonstrations, confrontation, distribution of leaflets, and small magazines (Shipe 2). These documents exist but can only be found within diaries, audiences, newspaper accounts, and throwaway leaflets. The documents are made a...
The Chinese healing art of acupuncture is one that can be dated back at least two thousand years. Some authorities maintain that acupuncture has been practiced in China for even four thousand years. Though its exact age is vague, what is certain is that up until the recent twentieth century, much of the population of the world was uninformed about acupuncture, its origins, and its capacity to promote and maintain good health. Even today in relatively "advanced" nations such as the United States there are many who hold acupuncture under the stereotype of a new or radical medicine, one which would almost always be a second choice after more familiar Western approaches to handling illness.
They ridded the demands of the art community by not requiring great technical skill for something to be beautiful, and because of the lack of talent and thought that went into the art of their time period, there is only some pieces that I could consider true art. Traditions and encounters even stated that, ““Although the origin of the name Dada is unclear, it is believed to be a deliberately nonsensical word.” This quote shows that the artists didn’t want their work to fit into a previous category, and were often trying to prove that art can arise from anything. Dada pieces were unlike any art made, because they rejected using the precise technique and detail in their art, but what made this movement so unique was that it, “declared an all-out assault on the unquestioning conformity of culture and thought (T&E).” The idea of changing politics and long held views by art and not words was a drastic change for the art