Q: European monarchs of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuri

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In northern Europe after the Middle Ages, monarchies began to lay the foundations of their countries that are still in effect today. During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, these "New Monarchs" made many relevant changes in their nations. In the middle of the fifteenth century, Europe was affected by war and rebellion, which weakened central governments. As the monarchies attempted to develop into centralized governments once again, feudalism's influence was lessened. This "new" idea of centralization was reflected in the monarchs' actions. Rulers tried to implement peace and restore the idea that the monarchy represented law and order in the nation. These New Monarchs were able to build armies due to taxation, and they enlisted the support of the middle class. The middle class was tired of the nobles' constant conflicts and demanded a change from feudalism. Instead, the New Monarchs turned to Roman law. Nations that were run by the New Monarchs include England, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. The New Monarchy began in England after the end of civil wars (1485), the Wars of the Roses when Henry VII acquired the throne by force, thus instituting the dynasty of the Tudors. Henry VII passed laws to increase his power, such as laws against "livery and maintenance," which is when a lord maintained a private army that wore their insignia or emblem. He also used his royal council as a court to maintain public peace. This royal council met in a room...

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