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The ethical dilemma of prenatal genetic testing
The ethical dilemma of prenatal genetic testing
The ethical dilemma of prenatal genetic testing
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Recommended: The ethical dilemma of prenatal genetic testing
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests and the Social, Legal, and Ethical Implications
Introduction
Jackie and Michael are expecting their first baby. Jackie is 32 years old and is in good health. She is 15 weeks pregnant and wants to do everything possible to ensure a healthy baby. Even though they do not have risk factors within their families, she and Michael decide to have an amniocentesis.
The results indicate that their baby is a female with Turner Syndrome. This condition is caused by a missing X chromosome and results in short stature, ovarian failure, and medical problems involving the heart, thyroid glands, and kidneys. Some of these conditions can be treated and managed with great success. The question that arises after diagnoses is whether or not they will choose to terminate the pregnancy with an abortion or carry the child to full term.
The availability of methods that determine the genetic predisposition of a fetus gives rise to a whole array of questions and issues that must be confronted as we develop policies to deal with genetic testing. In this essay, I will present current and future methods for prenatal diagnosis, ethical concerns and related problems dealing with this new technology, my personal opinion on the issue, and finally, future goals in the science of genetics.
All of us are potential carriers of several deleterious recessive genes that could be lethal to our offspring if combined with another recessive allele carrying the same fate (IOM 1994). The chances of a genetic disease being passed on are 1 in 100 Americans born today (March of Dimes 1997). Because of the risks involved, many people are having prenatal tests to examine the genetic makeup of their fetuses. For many couples, this option...
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...able to cure diseases we never dreamed possible, and the lives of humans will be improved eminently.
References Cited
Arc. Genetic Discrimination. Obtained from WWW 10/09/97: http://www.the.arc.org/depts/gbr03.html
Botkin, Jeffrey R. Fetal Privacy and Confidentiality. Hastings Center Report, Sept.-Oct. 1995:32-39.
Institute of Medicine. Assessing Genetic Risks. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1994.
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy: What They Mean to You and Your Family. Obtained from WWW 10/09/97: http://ubeclu.unibe.ch/insel/GENETEST.HTML
Mattei, Jean-Francois. Prenatal Diagnosis. World Health, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1996:22-23.
Morejon, Diana Punales. Commentary. Hastings Center Report, May-June 1996:21-22.
Weatherall, D.J. The New Genetics and Clinical Practice. Oxford University Press, 1991.
The American Civil War is a profound event in history which ended the Southern attempt for secession upon the victory of the Union. Since the conclusion of the Civil War, historians have debated why the South lost the war or why the North won the war but to determine the true reasons for Confederate defeat, the effectiveness of the man in power on the Southern side must be judged. Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, is often blamed by historians for leading the Confederate states to the ultimate defeat in the Civil War. The purpose of this investigation is to explore how the actions of Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederacy were ineffective in leading
In Gattaca, the plot focuses on the ethics, the risks, and the emotional impact of genetic testing in the nearby future. The film was released in the 90s; yet in the present, the film does not give the impression of science fiction. Today, genetic testing is prevalent in many aspects of the scientific community. This paper will describe genetic testing, its purpose, diagnostic techniques that use genetic testing, relating Huntington’s disease to genetic testing, and the pros and cons of genetic testing.
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
The desire to have a "normal" child is held by every parent and only now are we beginning to have the ability to select for that child. In preparation to receiving genetic testing, the parents are required to meet with a genetic counselor. A detailed description of the testing methods are reviewed with the couple as well as the risks which are involved with each. Upon an understanding of the procedures, the counselor discusses the many possible outcomes which could be the result of the diagnosis. Finally, before any tests are performed, anxieties from either of the parents are addressed as well as the psychological well-being of the parents.
In today’s world, people are learning a great deal in the rapidly growing and developing fields of science and technology. Almost each day, an individual can see or hear about new discoveries and advances in these fields of study. One science that is rapidly progressing is genetic testing; a valuable science that promotes prevention efforts for genetically susceptible people and provides new strategies for disease management. Unnaturally, and morally wrong, genetic testing is a controversial science that manipulates human ethics. Although genetic testing has enormous advantages, the uncertainties of genetic testing will depreciate our quality of life, and thereby result in psychological burden, discrimination, and abortion.
In the world today animals are treated poorly and are overworked under harsh conditions. In Animal Farm by George Orwell the idea of Animalism and lack of freedom is shown. Old Major gave an inspiring speech about how the animals live together without humans. After not being fed the animals attack Jones and end up taking over the farm. The animals survive on the farm, by making commandments, assigning jobs, and soon electing a leader. With Snowball and Napoleon guiding them they soon come across an amazing idea that could shorten the work week. After debating on the different viewpoints they both had on the windmill, Napoleon trains dogs to attack Snowball. With Napoleon now as the leader and Squealer as his spokesman they both run “Animal Farm”. With the victory at the Battle of Cowshed the animals start to have hope, after the windmill was knocked down by the humans everything falls apart. After years of mistreatment the animals decide to fight back. Unknowingly they place themselves under a manipulating leader. The animals soon believe that Napoleon is always right. In the end they lose their strongest most dedicated animal, Boxer. In order to secure a life of luxury for Napoleon and his fellow pigs, Napoleon (with Squealer as his spokesman) uses language that intimidates, language that distorts the truth, and language that appeals to the emotion of the others to manipulate the gullible animals of the farm.
The theme that the people dearest to a person‘s heart can sometimes undermine that person’s affection and, in the end, cause them the most pain, is present in both works of literature and provokes a pronounced impact on the reading. In Sense and Sensibility, the reader is directed to the pain that the ladies face because of who they bestow their affection upon even further due to the theme. This is expressed greatly from the point that Marianne first hears of Willoughby’s
England, under James 1st rule was a vastly altered period compared to our now modern society. So many of the values held during this time, have now been discarded and forgotten. Jane Austen grew up in the Romantic period and experienced a world which was divided, whether through education, class, status, fashion, abilities, gender and etiquette. Her novel, Pride and Prejudice is counted as one of the great classics of English Literature. Austen engrosses readers to live in her world for a time and experience a society filled with matchmaking, romance, marriage and gossip. Every one of her characters is so distinctive and has a clearly outlined caricature. Each of their diverse values conveys a different thinking of the time. Pride and Prejudice is preoccupied with the gentry and most of the social aspects which consumed these people’s lives. There were so many expectations of how you would behave in public, but of course not all of these were upheld. Elizabeth Bennet, Mr Darcy, Mrs Bennet and Charlotte Lucas are four characters which keep such strong beliefs about the social norms. These characters are expressed so descriptively and through their personalities readers can learn just how the numerous social standards were received.
Genetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. Genetic screening is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological. As genetic screening becomes more advanced and easily accessible, it presents society with difficult questions that must be asked about the boundaries of science and to what degree we are allowed to tamper with the human genome. To better understand the potential impact of genetic screening on our society, we must examine the potential benefits in comparison to the possible negative impact it may cause. With this knowledge in hand, we can examine what the future holds for this field of study and the best possible direction to take.
Austen was a recondite writer with a new inside perspective with an outside view on life in the early 19th century. Born on December 16, 1775, Austen was a curious child given the unseal luxury of an education. Her father was a part of the gentry class and raised a family of ten, but was not well off by any means (Grochowski). Sense and Sensibility, written by Jane Austen, tells a dramatic story of three sisters and their emotional journey where they encounter love and betrayal. Because Jane Austen was raised in a liberal family and received a comprehensive education, her dramatic analysis of societal behavior in Sense and Sensibility was comparable to the hidden truths of social and class distinctions in 18th and 19th century Europe.
Through remarkably realistic characters like Elinor, Marianne, Fanny, Lucy, and Col. Brandon, Austen brings our attention to the way we should and should not act. She highlights sense’s importance, but insists that sensibility must temper it. These lessons, as much as the compelling stories, explain why Austen’s work is still relevant today. Read her works; learn what she teaches; strive to live your life in a way that unites sense and
Though Snowball was a fair leader who truly believed in the raw ideas of animalism, Napoleon was a corrupt, sly tyrant, who would stop at nothing to achieve complete dominance over the farm. He takes advantage of the naivety of his comrades and slowly crawls his way to power, first by driving Snowball away from the farm and tricking the animals into believing that Snowball had malicious intentions, and then by steadily altering the rations of food so that the pigs result with the most. He breaks every commandment and entirely alters the definitions of animalism and equality, as the pigs are treated as higher beings than the others. The animals are helpless against Napoleon’s cunning wit, and before they can put a stop to the tyranny, Napoleon has already taken complete control of the farm, stating that “all animals are equal, but some are more equal than
Through remarkably realistic characters like Elinor, Marianne, Fanny, Lucy, and Col. Brandon, Austen brings our attention to the way we should and should not act. She highlights sense’s importance, but insists that sensibility must temper it. These lessons, as much as the compelling stories, explain why Austen’s work is still relevant today. Read her works; learn what she teaches; strive to live your life in a way that unites sense and
First of all, I want to start by saying that I 'm not discriminating the disabled community, but this is a very large number that could possibly be diminished with the help of genetic testing. (1) I believe that there is nothing wrong with testing the genes of an unborn child to possibly determine if it could develop a genetic disorder in the future. One of the advantages that genetic testing provides is that the parents could now be informed of the situation, and keep track of their unborn child 's health. I 'm sure those parents are pleased with this technology, and the chances to be able to keep track of their baby. This a baby, and is something very precious, and valuable, and I believe that parents want to keep track of anything that may happen with the unborn child. I 'm sure that a large amount of people would agree would agree that they don 't want to suddenly take the hard hit. When the news is presented in the delivery room. This serves more as an advantage than a disadvantage, due to the fact parents. Pull be more prepared, or possibly have the option to abort it. This is a right that the parents should have regardless of the opposing side arguments towards it. Im a hundred percent sure that the opposing side has very strong arguments towards genetics testing, and one of the main ones is "playing God." The opposing side believed that some things in
...e, allowing the narrator to mirror the opinions and voices of our protagonists. By infusing the narrative voice - a typically trustworthy figure - with the same sarcastic sentiments Elinor and Marianne share, Austen aligns her opinions with theirs. Historically, this would shed light on why Austen decided to refashion Elinor and Marianne to be about two unmarried sisters; it also gives light as to why the aut Some critics have argued that “Austen at last broke into the world of publication by melting into the generic background rather than by asserting her difference,” but those critics are missing the subtle feminist beliefs, which Austen often uses, in the story of Elinor and Marianne. By positing the two sisters as our protagonists against the “target [of the] ‘unfeeling, unintelligent world’ in which the sisters have to live,” we understand that they are not f