Poliomyelitis Essay
explanatory Essay
1144 words
Today there are many infectious diseases around the world. An infectious disease is defined as an infection which can be caused by the entrance, development and manipulation of microorganisms in the body. Infections are classified as emerging and re-emerging. An emerging disease is a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that it may have happened previously but is rapidly increasing in incident or geographic range. Whereas a re-emerging disease is a disease that has been present at a location in the past and was considered eradicated or controlled. Some emerging and re-emerging disease present today and in the past are, HIV and Aids, Ebola, Hendra Virus as emerging diseases and Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Cholera as re-emerging diseases. In this report the re-emerging disease ‘Poliomyelitis’ will be thoroughly investigated and from reliable research, the effectiveness of the management to prevent this disease in the world will be evaluated. Poliomyelitis, often called ‘polio’ or ‘infantile paralysis’ is an infectious disease caused by a virus. This dangerous infectious disease has been eradicated around the world except for three countries, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Poliomyelitis is a dangerous viral disease which can lead to either partial or full paralysis of the human body. This infectious disease was a worldwide epidemic with more than twenty thousand cases reported throughout the world. It was only until 1955 when the Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced which very successfully started supressing the disease. This disease is affiliated with the enterovirus subgroup of ‘Picornaviridae’ family. It is classified as three serotypes: PV1, PV2 and PV3. The infection is sprea...
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... presented by the diagram on the side. In this diagram some countries in Asia, Africa and South America have coverage of less than 89% of infants immunised. Two African countries, Somalia and Central African Republic have a rate of below 50%. The disease could also be prevented from re-emerging in countries where it has been eradicated by thoroughly promoting personal and environmental hygiene. The disease can also be eradicated in the other 3 countries by educating parents in rural areas about vaccinations and good hygiene as the disease is mainly spread through faeces
The world can also start helping by having camps in the rural areas and injecting new born babies with vaccinations for no cost. By implementing the above measures, it would cost some money and will take some time, although it would result in a world, free of the infectious disease, poliomyelitis.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that infectious diseases are classified as emerging and re-emerging. hiv and aids, ebola, hendra virus, malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera are emerging diseases.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is a dangerous viral disease which can lead to either partial or full paralysis of the human body.
- Explains that the virus re-produces and multiply in the oropharynx and the small intestine, and attacks the local lymphoid tissue. the disease has an incubation period of approximately 7 and 14 days.
- Explains that infectious diseases are classified as emerging and re-emerging. hiv and aids, ebola, hendra virus, malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera are emerging diseases.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is a dangerous viral disease which can lead to either partial or full paralysis of the human body.
- Explains that the virus re-produces and multiply in the oropharynx and the small intestine, and attacks the local lymphoid tissue. the disease has an incubation period of approximately 7 and 14 days.
- Explains that paralytic polio attacks and damages motor neurons of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and brain stem, but the probability of such thing happening is extremely rare.
- Explains that in 2014 only 3 countries in the world remain endemic for the disease. polio was an epidemic disease in australia since 1922.
- Explains the extreme decrease in the number of polio cases from 1980 until 2012, due to the immunization coverage from the world health organization.
- Explains that there is no cure for polio. the first licensed vaccine, the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (ipv), became available in 1955.
- Explains the use of the inactivated polio vaccine, which is a mixture of weak living poliovirus strains from each serotype.
- Explains that the inactive polio vaccine is very effective in protecting the body from the virus. it produces less antibodies in gastrointestinal compared to opv.
- Explains that the oral polio vaccine has several advantages over ipv, such as providing human body's more protection against wild polio virus infection. however, it also has a crucial disadvantage.
- Explains that ipv can cause some discomfort to the patient. some cases include erythema, pain, and induration at the vaccine cite.
- Opines that the world health organization needs to increase the pressure in the three countries.
- Explains that some countries in asia, africa and south america have less than 89% of infants immunised, while two african countries, somalia and central african republic, have a rate of below 50%.
- Opines that the world could start helping by having camps in the rural areas and injecting new born babies with vaccinations for no cost.
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- Jonas Salk Licensed The First Polio Vaccineanalytical essay...m the U.S. In 1988 the Pan American Health Organization “announced a campaign to achieve polio eradication in the Americas by 1990… polio would be eradicated from the region four years later.” the magnificent and fear inducing polio virus was finally gone.
In this essay, the author
- Explains how jonas salk licensed the first polio vaccine in 1955, to the relief of a nation that had been through two world wars.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is an intestinal infection that spreads from person to person through contact with unwashed hands, shared objects, contaminated food and water.
- Explains that polio first hit epidemic proportions in the us in 1916 with a large outbreak in new york.
- Explains how jonas salk licensed the first polio vaccine in 1955, to the relief of a nation that had been through two world wars.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is an intestinal infection that spreads from person to person through contact with unwashed hands, shared objects, contaminated food and water.
- Explains that polio first hit epidemic proportions in the us in 1916 with a large outbreak in new york.
- Analyzes how the polio outbreak grew in the public's minds because it occurred in new york city and affected mainly children.
- Analyzes how polio was a relatively new disease in the minds of americans and the scientific mystery that surrounded it.
- Explains that public health officials began taking measures to prevent the spread of a disease, but they didn't know how the disease spread.
- Explains that the decline in the thought that polio was caused by unsanitary conditions and poverty didn't help to lessen the public panic that continued to grow from subsequent outbreaks of the disease.
- Explains how the perception of polio began to change after f.d.r was stricken with the virus in 1921.
- Explains that the second major outbreaks of polio came at a time when the u.s. was at the height of power, against the evils across the ocean in europe.
- Explains that the national foundation's fundraising efforts helped to raise the level of fear and concern over polio.
- Analyzes how polio outbreaks and the race to find a vaccine played out in america in incredible fashion.
- Explains that the national foundation declared a 'complete victory' over polio and all its problems, but the problem lay with thousands of people who were still stricken with the disease.
- Explains that the polio virus in the united states was largely a creation of public perception. the first outbreak in 1916 and the circumstances surrounding it created fear and panic.
- Opines that the conquest of polio in the mid 1950s was raised to genuinely iconic status.
2045 wordsRead More - Poliomyelitis Essaycomparative essayIn Conclusion, Understanding Polio’s etiology, history and epidemiology, as well as proper treatments will assist in avoiding its return. Although polio has been known to substantially affect a wide population in a small amount of time, eradication of this disease may also be accomplished in a short period of time. Scientists and medical professionals continue to research this disease in order to better understand and maintain it for many years to come. There are still aspect of the disease people do not understand that may be vital for the future of a polio-free world.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the etiology, history, and modern-day epidemiology of poliomyelitis (polio) disease.
- Explains the basic definition, causation, and origin of polio.
- Explains that polio was first identified as a virus in 1908 by scientists karl landsteiner and erwin popper. in 1953, dr. jonas salk developed the first potentially effective inactive injected vaccine.
- Explains the etiology, history, and modern-day epidemiology of poliomyelitis (polio) disease.
- Explains the basic definition, causation, and origin of polio.
- Explains that polio was first identified as a virus in 1908 by scientists karl landsteiner and erwin popper. in 1953, dr. jonas salk developed the first potentially effective inactive injected vaccine.
- Explains that polio is a viral disease, so it is more effective to prevent the disease by receiving the vaccine during early childhood rather than having to treat it once one has been infected.
- Concludes that understanding polio's etiology, history and epidemiology as well as proper treatments will assist in avoiding its return.
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- Explains that cholera, a devastating epidemic disease, has been around for hundreds of years and now annually kills 120,000 people worldwide.
- Explains that cholera toxin disrupts the normal flow of ions between the bloodstream and the intestinal lumen.
- Explains that cholera is a severe disease that kills hundreds of people each outbreak. cholera control emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation.
- Explains that cholera, a devastating epidemic disease, has been around for hundreds of years and now annually kills 120,000 people worldwide.
- Explains that cholera toxin disrupts the normal flow of ions between the bloodstream and the intestinal lumen.
- Opines that improved methods for surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment, paired with higher standards of sanitation, can significantly limit the spread of infection and minimize the public health issue with cholera.
- Explains that the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt) is part of the first line of defense in the human body.
- Explains that intestinal mucosal cells are born in depressions called crypts and are pushed into the lumen of the intestines. the sloughing cells ties into cholera because the bacteria is self-limiting and gets washed out of a patient's system.
- Explains that the secretory immunoglobulin (siga) antibody produced by mucus helps trap bacteria, neutralize toxins, and prevent v. cholerae from attaching to the mucosal membrane.
- Explains that the parenteral vaccine is based on inactivated v. cholerae serotype o1, has 50% efficacy, gives barely six months of protection, and does not prevent transmission of the infective agent
- Explains that this vaccine consists of whole killed v. cholerae o1 and a recombinant part of one of cholera toxin’s subunits (wc/rbs).
- Explains that cvd103-hgr is the most effective vaccine, but each vaccine has its pros and cons.
- Explains that the world has experienced multiple cholera pandemics, and gained much knowledge from each one, but it still manages to persist in the environment and remains a huge issue.
- Explains drasar, dr. forrest, salyers, abigail, and whitt. bacterial pathogenesis: a molecular approach.
1605 wordsRead More - The Poliomyelitis Vaccineexplanatory essay... children to administer [polio] vaccinations , as a method that will be introduced to many countries targeted for depopulation”(21Wire np).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that poliomyelitis was the most feared childhood disease of the 20th century. the salk and sabin vaccines were developed to prevent the disease.
- Explains how the salk vaccine impacted the 20th century by reducing the number of polio cases around the world.
- Explains that the sabin vaccine, created by albert b.sabin, impacted the 20th century by reducing the number of polio cases around the world.
- Explains that poliomyelitis was the most feared childhood disease of the 20th century. the salk and sabin vaccines were developed to prevent the disease.
- Explains how the salk vaccine impacted the 20th century by reducing the number of polio cases around the world.
- Explains that the sabin vaccine, created by albert b.sabin, impacted the 20th century by reducing the number of polio cases around the world.
- Explains that the polio vaccine impacted the whole world during the 20th century. the global polio eradication initiative, rotary international, and the bill and melinda gates foundation continue their efforts against the disease.
- Opines that the 21st century will take advantage of the polio vaccine and be used for their own benefit, causing controversies, wars, strikes and even many deaths.
- Explains the history of polio, the smithsonian national museum of american history, and wilson, daniel j.
1117 wordsRead More - Polio Vaccine Vs Paccineexplanatory essayPoliomyelitis is one of the world’s most famous diseases. It has killed over a million people throughout its emergence. As it can be dated as far back to Egyptian time. It was most prevalent in the first half of the 1900’s. The vaccine and its variations were discovered and perfected in the 1950’s. The two major variances were the inactivated poliovirus vaccine and the oral polio vaccine. Other than the success against polio the two vaccines are very different from each other. The procedures used, countries of use, cost, and consequences are some of the difference between the two. In recent studies the two vaccines are found to be even more different. As the world gets closer to eradicate polio there must be a total switch from OPV to IPV. The studies show that IPV is not only safer but more effective against OPV.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that poliomyelitis is one of the world's most famous diseases. it has killed over a million people throughout its emergence.
- Explains that polio is an rna virus that is spread through fecal to oral pathway, starting and multiplying in the intestines, then spreading to the spinal/neural tissue.
- Explains that unlike most diseases, polio was most prevalent in the more sanitized, medically superior, and more civilized countries and neighborhoods.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is one of the world's most famous diseases. it has killed over a million people throughout its emergence.
- Explains that polio is an rna virus that is spread through fecal to oral pathway, starting and multiplying in the intestines, then spreading to the spinal/neural tissue.
- Explains that unlike most diseases, polio was most prevalent in the more sanitized, medically superior, and more civilized countries and neighborhoods.
- Explains that dr. sabin created the oral polio vaccine, which was licensed in the usa in 1961.
- Explains that opv prevents the spread of polio by providing mucosal immunity. the attenuated virus is temperature sensitive, producing lower virus yields to supra-optimal temperatures.
- Explains that there is only one dosage for the opv treatment, making it quicker and easier to monitor/use. it is widely popular with developing countries where resources and sanitation are scarce.
- Explains that vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) is clinically indistinguishable from natural-occurring disease (dowdle). the estimated risk of vapp was 1 case per 2.5 million doses in the us.
- Explains that dr. salk created the inactivated poliovirus vaccine, which was licensed for use in the usa in april 1955.
- Explains the advantage of the ipv is it is almost impossible to get the disease because the virus is dead or inactivated by using formaldehyde (oshinsky).
- Explains that the ipv causes a weaker immune response to the vaccine injection, which requires multiple booster shots and sterilized instruments.
- Explains that a study concluded in 2007 suggests that the move from opv to ipv has to be made sooner rather than later.
- Explains that the study was an open-label, randomized study to find out the antibody response to ipv and opv, and to evaluate seropositivity rates after the 12-month booster dose.
- Explains that blood and stool samples were taken at each of the vaccine administrations. neutralizing poliovirus antibodies were assessed by microneutralization assay.
- Explains that after 2 doses of vaccine, 97 % seroprotection rates were achieved in all 3 groups (ipv, ipv/opv) against poliovirus types 1 and 2, but 97% rate against type 3.
- Explains that all ipv-only recipients developed protective levels of antibody, and the magnitude of the responses exceeded the response to opv only.
- Explains that both vaccines have been effective and strong against the fight from global polio.
- Opines that the world issue is the developing countries struggling to afford ipv and the commodities that come with it. an estimated 3 to 4 fold increase in international funding would be needed to meet the higher vaccine cost.
- Explains that the inactivated poliovirus vaccine and the oral vaccine have saved many lives since their emergence in the 1950’s.
1533 wordsRead More - Public Health Immunizationsanalytical essayPublic health workers strive to prevent disease. Prevention of a disease is more cost effective than treatment of a disease. The development of immunizations may be one of the greatest public health innovations to date. Immunizations do just what the public health field aims to accomplish, prevent disease occurrence. Vaccinations defend us from life-threatening infections and furthermore keep the spread of those infections to others. Over the course of the years immunizations have hindered pestilences of once common diseases, for example, whooping cough, measles, and mumps,. Also, as a result of vaccines we 've seen the close extinction of others, for example, polio and smallpox. Despite such astounding and effective success of immunizations,
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- Argues that immunizations are one of the greatest public health innovations to date. vaccines protect us from life-threatening infections and keep the spread of those infections.
- Explains that databases are divided into big categories and subdivided into more specific and targeted categories. the required and optional categories ensure consistency of information transfer between all immunization information system users.
- Explains that they never thought about an immunization registry until they began to appreciate the importance of well-maintained and effective vaccination registries.
- Argues that immunizations are one of the greatest public health innovations to date. vaccines protect us from life-threatening infections and keep the spread of those infections.
- Explains that databases are divided into big categories and subdivided into more specific and targeted categories. the required and optional categories ensure consistency of information transfer between all immunization information system users.
- Explains that they never thought about an immunization registry until they began to appreciate the importance of well-maintained and effective vaccination registries.
779 wordsRead More - Vaccines Should Be Mandatory Essayanalytical essayFewer than 51 cases and 10 deaths per year from tetanus were reported between 1994 and 2011. Polio has been declared eradicated in the United States since 1979. There have been fewer than 21 deaths yearly from rubella since 1971 and fewer than 25 deaths yearly from mumps since 1968.”
In this essay, the author
- Explains that vaccinated mothers protect their unborn children from viruses that could potentially cause birth defects. vaccinated communities can help eradicate diseases for future generations.
- Opines that with more small steps like these, this issue will be resolved and everyone is required to receive them.
- Argues that vaccines should be mandatory for people around the world because they can save children's lives, the ingredients are safe, and the immune system helps people fight against an illness.
- Explains that vaccinated mothers protect their unborn children from viruses that could potentially cause birth defects. vaccinated communities can help eradicate diseases for future generations.
- Opines that with more small steps like these, this issue will be resolved and everyone is required to receive them.
- Argues that vaccines should be mandatory for people around the world because they can save children's lives, the ingredients are safe, and the immune system helps people fight against an illness.
- Explains that vaccines save 2.5 million children from preventable diseases every year, which equates to roughly 285 children saved every hour.
- Explains that antibiotics are used in vaccines to hinder the risk of dangerous bacterial infections, and msg is a preservative that keeps the vaccine effective in the heat or cold.
- Opines that vaccinations would protect future citizens who don't have a say in the matter. not everyone agrees that people should be vaccinated.
- Argues that if the population goes long enough without vaccinations, the opportunity for bacteria and viruses to spread is increased greatly.
1245 wordsRead More - Poliomyelitisexplanatory essayThe disease poliomyelitis is more commonly known by its alternative name “polio.” The history of this disease dates back into prehistory, but major polio epidemics were not known before the twentieth century. The first clinical description of this disease was provided by a British physician named Michael Underwood, in which he described the disease as debility of the lower extremities. In the 1880s major epidemics started to occur in Europe, then made its way soon after into the United States. The first report of multiple cases was recorded in 1843 and described an outbreak that happened in Louisiana in 1841. The next large outbreak was in Boston in 1893 where there were 26 cases of poliomyelitis. The following year was the first recognized epidemic in the United States which occurred in Vermont with 132 total cases, including 18 deaths. By 1907 there were approximately 2,500 cases of polio reported in New York City alone. By 1910, epidemics of polio were regular events throughout the developed world, mostly in cities during the warmer months. In 1916 there were over 27,000 cases including more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the United States, with more than 2,000 deaths occurring in New York City alone. Poliomyelitis hit its peak in the 1940s and 1950s; it paralyzed or killed more than half a million people per year.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the history of poliomyelitis, which was first described by a british physician named michael underwood. major epidemics were not known before the twentieth century.
- Explains the etiology of poliomyelitis, which is highly contagious. polio enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and is absorbed and spread throughout the blood and lymph systems.
- Explains that there are three basic patterns of polio infection: subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic.
- Explains the history of poliomyelitis, which was first described by a british physician named michael underwood. major epidemics were not known before the twentieth century.
- Explains the etiology of poliomyelitis, which is highly contagious. polio enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and is absorbed and spread throughout the blood and lymph systems.
- Explains that there are three basic patterns of polio infection: subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic.
- Explains that the prognosis of poliomyelitis depends on the form of the disease that was contracted and the area of body that is affected.
669 wordsRead More - Sixty-five years ago, the US was facing the brunt of one of the most feared epidemics of the 20th century. Polio had been lingering in the region since its discovery in 1894, but was now running full throttle. This was the beginning marker of an era that changed the face of medicine and propelled the U.S. forward as the worldwide leader in not only medicine, but also innovative pediatric medical care. In the early 1950s frightened parents quarantined their families and entire towns were put on lockdown for fear of transmission of the airborne pathogen. The nation scrambled as 58,000 cases swept through taking with them the lives of 3,145.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the united states is a world medical powerhouse for their research and technological innovations in pediatrics.
- Explains that polio has been eradicated from the americas for 10 years, and worldwide there were only 223 reported cases in 2012.
- Explains that the us was facing the brunt of one of the most feared epidemics of 20th century. polio was lingering in the region since 1894, but was now running full throttle.
- Explains that the united states is a world medical powerhouse for their research and technological innovations in pediatrics.
- Explains that polio has been eradicated from the americas for 10 years, and worldwide there were only 223 reported cases in 2012.
- Explains that the us was facing the brunt of one of the most feared epidemics of 20th century. polio was lingering in the region since 1894, but was now running full throttle.
- Cites kucrik, george, "10 worst outbreaks in u.s. history" and salk institute for biological studies' "history of polio."
- Explains that "polio timeline." history of vaccines. the college of physicians of philadelphia, web. 1 feb. 2014.
620 wordsRead More - The Erradication of Poliomyelitis: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)explanatory essayPoliomyelitis, commonly known as “Polio”, is an acute motor disease caused by the poliovirus that targets the anterior horn cells of the human spinal cord, and in severe cases results in acute flaccid paralysis (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2011), which can progress to permanent paralysis. It mainly affects children under the age of five, although individuals of any age may contract it (World Health Organization, 2013 [C]). Historical outbreaks, most prominently the 1916 and 1952 epidemics in the United States, led to the development of two separate vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). Although polio has seen over a 99% decrease in cases since 1988 and has largely been eradicated in the developed world (World Health Organization, 2013 [A]), it continues to be an epidemic in three countries: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan (The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 2010). Polio is a major concern in third world countries where sanitation and hygiene levels are low, as it is spread through the oral-fecal route, generally by the use of contaminated food and water (World Health Organization, n.d.). Difficulties arise in the distribution of vaccines in many third world countries when storage requirements cannot be met in remote areas (Kanani, 2013).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that poliomyelitis is an acute motor disease caused by a virus that targets the anterior horn cells of the human spinal cord. historical outbreaks led to the development of two separate vaccines.
- Explains that the central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain.
- Explains that the muscular system, composed of 700 different muscles, makes up approximately half of a person’s body weight and is responsible for movement, posture, balance, and bodily heat generation
- Explains that poliomyelitis is an acute motor disease caused by a virus that targets the anterior horn cells of the human spinal cord. historical outbreaks led to the development of two separate vaccines.
- Explains that the central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain.
- Explains that the muscular system, composed of 700 different muscles, makes up approximately half of a person’s body weight and is responsible for movement, posture, balance, and bodily heat generation
- Explains that the motor system controls movement of the muscular system. the signal originates in the cerebral cortex and travels down the upper and lower motor neurons.
- Explains that an injury to a neuron compromises the body's ability to relay signals from the brain to the muscles.
- Describes the pathophysiology of poliovirus, which causes a paralysis of the human motor system.
- Explains that poliovirus enters the bloodstream via the gastrointestinal tract and injects its rna into the healthy cells of the central nervous system.
- Explains the untitled diagram of a cross section of the human spinal column.
- Cites the centers for disease control and prevention's guidelines for acute-flaccid-paralysis for poliomyelitis.
- Cites the department of health and human services, centers for disease control and prevention's polio disease- questions and answers.
- Explains that complexes of poliovirus serotypes with their common cellular receptor, cd155, were published in the american society for microbiology journal of virology.
- Summarizes the encyclopedia of children’s health's coverage of polio and its survivors.
- Cites johnson, s., kanani, r. and kotchabhakdi, n.
- Explains that the adhesion receptor cd155 determines the magnitude of humoral immune responses against orally ingested antigens.
- Cites the national museum of american history's life cycle of the poliovirus and post-polio health international.
- Summarizes the global polio eradication initiative's economic case for eradicating polio.
- Explains that poliomyelitis: an economic analysis. the lancet, 369(9570), 1363 - 1371.
1077 wordsRead More - Polio: The History And Treatments Of Polioopinion essaySo to eradicate the virus globally every individual should help the organizations. And every government and organizations should try their best to prevent the hindrances in campaigns and spread the effect of polio virus. In conclusion, all I want to say is, lets hold the hand together and give our best to make a polio free environment.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that to eradicate the virus globally every individual should help the organizations, and every government should try their best to prevent the hindrances in campaigns and spread the effect of polio virus.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is a contagious disease that was first seen in england in 1789 by michael underwood.
- Recommends getting polio vaccine against the virus, which is an injection used to vaccinate new born baby and continuing to vaccine till 4 to 6 years old.
- Opines that to eradicate the virus globally every individual should help the organizations, and every government should try their best to prevent the hindrances in campaigns and spread the effect of polio virus.
- Explains that poliomyelitis is a contagious disease that was first seen in england in 1789 by michael underwood.
- Recommends getting polio vaccine against the virus, which is an injection used to vaccinate new born baby and continuing to vaccine till 4 to 6 years old.
- Opines that eradication of polio virus is not seen in pakistan, afghanistan and iraq due to terrorism, war, and taliban.
981 wordsRead More - haiticomparative essay... the rapid spread. The spread continue to grow higher and higher due to lack of fund in order to treat the illness, and therefore babies were being born with it. The rate of infection was as high as 12 percent in urban population and 5 percent in rural regions. The infection causes a large amount of infant deaths and displaced many children
In this essay, the author
- Explains that haiti was stumbled upon by christopher columbus in 1492. the arawak indians called the island "hayti" inhabited it.
- Explains that haiti is a very over colonized country and one of the poorest countries in north america.
- Explains that voodoo is a practice of african culture rituals that help in healing and restoring the soul.
- Explains that haiti was stumbled upon by christopher columbus in 1492. the arawak indians called the island "hayti" inhabited it.
- Explains that haiti is a very over colonized country and one of the poorest countries in north america.
- Explains that voodoo is a practice of african culture rituals that help in healing and restoring the soul.
- Compares haiti's government to that of the united states. haiti has a bicameral legislature, whose prime minister and 15 ministry heads serve as heads of government.
- Explains that haiti's economy is poor due to inefficient resources, unstable government, bad political press, and over population.
- Explains that haiti is in debt to all the countries that are aiding in their restoration and relief missions.
- Explains that haiti is the fourth largest importer and exporter of drugs to the united states. haiti's lack of effective judicial system and a reliable law enforcement agency led to violent crimes.
2002 wordsRead More - Presentation on DNA Vaccinesexplanatory essayIn developed nations, vaccines have almost exterminated polio and smallpox and tightly controlled diseases like hepatitis A and B or typhus
In this essay, the author
- Explains that vaccines have almost exterminated polio and smallpox and tightly controlled diseases like hepatitis a and b or typhus in developed nations.
- Opines that first-gen vaccines can still revert to dangerous forms and cause diseases in immunocompromised vaccine recipients.
- Explains that second generation vaccines are specific protein antigens, which are safer, but cannot generate killer t cell responses.
- Explains that vaccines have almost exterminated polio and smallpox and tightly controlled diseases like hepatitis a and b or typhus in developed nations.
- Opines that first-gen vaccines can still revert to dangerous forms and cause diseases in immunocompromised vaccine recipients.
- Explains that second generation vaccines are specific protein antigens, which are safer, but cannot generate killer t cell responses.
- Explains that recombinant plasmids that have been transformed into one to two proteins form a pathogen.
- Explains that dna is injected directly into somatic cells, where, through transcription and translation, the proteins are created.
- Explains that the proteins are recognized as foreign and processed by the cell and displayed on the surface by mhc markers.
- Explains that veterinary dna vaccines for use on horses to protect against west nile virus have been approved.
- Explains that in june 2006 and august 2007, positive results were announced for vaccines against bird flu and multiple sclerosis.
- Explains that strong viral promoters, such as rous sarcoma virus (rsv) or cytomegalovirus (cmv), are most commonly used.
- Explains that the most commonly used plasmids contain a transcriptional termination sequence, such as the bovine growth hormone or rabbit beta-globuli polyadenylation sequences.
- Explains that there are currently two widely used methods of delivering dna vaccines: injection or gene gun.
- Explains that in an injection, 100 to 200 microliters of dna are injected directly into muscle tissue.
- Explains that muscle tissue is inefficient as an uptake site, so more dna is needed to ensure that enough plasmids are taken into host cells.
- Explains that in the gene gun method, 16 nanograms of dna are fired directly into the abdominal epidermis.
- Explains that when the cell's internal mechanisms detect the protein that has been synthesized as foreign, it is broken down and displayed on a major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class-ii marker.
- Explains mhc is a protein that presents foreign protein fragments to cytotoxic and helper t cells.
- Explains that the mhc class-i marker will bind its protein fragment to the cd8 receptor on cytotoxic t cells.
- Explains that the mhc class-ii marker will bind its protein fragment to the cd4 receptor on helper t cells.
- Explains that both helper and cytotoxic t cell responses are triggered by presenting protein fragments on both classes of mhc maker.
- Explains that it eliminates the need for peptide synthesis, expression and purification of recombinant proteins and the use of toxic adjutants.
- Explains that the immune system of a plant recognizes and develops resistance against foreign proteins introduced to them by transgenic plasmids.
- Explains that every cell in a plant has its own immune responses that come into effect internally.
- Describes a class of proteins known as nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat proteins (nbs-lrr).
- Explains that nbs-lrr proteins recognize pathogen effectors and bind to them, leading to immunity against them.
- Explains the tobacco mosaic virus, or tmv, is a virus widely used for experiments on plants because it is relatively harmless and easy to obtain, grow, and work with.
- Explains that in tobacco plants, there is a resistance gene known as the n-gene, which confers resistance to tmv.
- Explains that they use the n-gene to know that there is a nbs-lrr protein to bind to the tmv antigens.
- Explains that systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a "plant-wide" resistance to an earlier, localized exposure.
- Explains the plant "immune system" that is kind of like the centralized immune system of animals.
- Explains that resistance observed after sar induction is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
- Explains that tmv virus genes code for the antigens that the nbs-lrr protein coded for by n-gene binds to.
- Explains plasmid able to carry tmv antigens with cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter and nos termination sequence.
- Recommends two weeks for the plant to grow and the immune response to take effect.
- Explains how to infect upper leaves of plant to see if sar was triggered (leaves that were not exposed to the plasmid).
- Explains that sar is a plantwide resistance response, and if leaves to which plasmids were not applied turned out to be resistant, then we know that it has been triggered.
- Explains the experiment by exposing the leaf to the plasmid, and then an upper leaf of the plant to tmv.
- Explains that if the plants do not die or survive as expected, the experiment will have to be reexamined for potential flaws.
- Explains that the anti-tmv nbs-lrr protein might not recognize antigens from the genes that were put into the vaccine.
- Explains that the pcr is faulty through contamination or amplification of more than one site due to the same or similar start sequences.
- Explains that e. coli have a different plasmid in them, so the insert is mixed in with the naturally occurring one.
- Opines that with the n-gene, these plants would be immune to the tmv anyway.
- Explains the purpose of the experiment is to test if dna vaccines can be administered and produce a successful immune response.
- Explains that sar induces a wide range of resistances, so it's important to find out what other virus immunities may have developed after tmv vaccination.
- Explains askari, frederick k., and mcdonnell, michael. the emerging role of dna vaccines.
- Explains fuller, deborah h., "dna vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal and gene-gun inoculations."
- Explains deyoung, brody j., and roger w. innes. plant nbs-lrr proteins in pathogen sensing and host defense.
- Explains that the n gene of tobacco confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato.
- Explains that the gene gun delivery method is an air gun that fires microscopic heavy metal particles (such as gold or lead) covered with plasmid dna.
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