Bacterial pneumonia also known as Streptococcus pneumoniae is pneumonia caused by a Gram-positive bacterium that often lives in the throat of people who do not have pneumonia bacteria.When the inflammation caused by pneumonia occurs in the alveoli (microscopic air sacs in the lungs), they fill with fluid. The lungs lose elasticity and cannot take oxygen into the blood, or remove carbon dioxide from the blood, as efficiently as usual. When the alveoli has trouble work efficiently, one’s lungs has to work even harder to make up for the lack of work that the alveoli is not putting out to put so your body can receive the oxygen it had trouble getting. This causes the feeling of being short of breath, which is one of the most common symptoms of …show more content…
from Nov. 1 to Dec. 2 in the year 2002. During that month, 163 Marine Corps recruits from the Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MCRD) in San Diego, California, also including 160 new recruits, were admitted to the Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) for possibly pneumonia. All patients was confirmed pneumonia from an x-ray, they were also tested by sputum (a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract), blood, and throat cultures. 128 male recruits in the age group of 18--33 years (20 years old was counted as the median age) old had radiographically (confirmed by gamma rays, x-rays, etc) confirmed pneumonia; 110 (86%) were white non-Hispanics, 14 (11%) were white Hispanics, and 4 (3%) were members of other racial/ethnic groups. Just from that set of data, it is to infer that either a lot of other racial/ethnic groups did not join the Marine Corps during this time or a majority of them got lucky to not contract bacterial pneumonia while the other men were. All recruits were reported to be previously healthy and were negative due to the number of samples that were most likely taken from their blood, sperm, mucus, etc for other human immunodeficiency viruses. Of the 128 recruits with confirmed pneumonia, 66 (52%) had multilobar meaning they could have more than one type of pneumonia and not just strictly bacterial; 29 (23%) had a pleural effusion, including five (4%) with an empyema which is the collection of pus in a cavity in the body, especially in the pleural cavity. It wasn’t said in the case study if the soldiers had a history of the flu virus as a kid because the flu and bacterial pneumonia have a history of going hand in hand; so one can infer that it might be possible that some soldiers may have had the flu and it just took years for the bacteria that was left behind in the lungs to turn into bacterial and be more present in the
The presented case is of a patient named R.S. who has a smoking history of many years, which can be directly tied to his development of chronic bronchitis, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) specified as Type B. It is estimated that in 90% of chronic bronchitis or “blue bloaters”, cigarette smoking is the major cause. Chronic bronchitis involves persistent and irreversible airway obstruction, due to the constant inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, leading to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchial glands. The latter exposes the individual to higher risks of bacterial infections; often colonization of organisms such as Streptococcus or Staphyloccocus pneumoniae can be exhibited. This is due to the lost or impaired function of mucociliary clearance action which results from the replacement of certain sections of ciliated columnar epithelium by squamous cells in the bronchi. (Copstead &Banasik, 546-547)
Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are preventable and pose a threat to hospitals and patients; increasing the cost, nominally and physically, for both. Pneumonia makes up approximately 15% of all HAI and is the leading cause of nosocomial deaths. Pneumonia is most frequently caused by bacterial microorganisms reaching the lungs by way of aspiration, inhalation or the hematogenous spread of a primary infection. There are two categories of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP); Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) and Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Another aspect of the story is associated with Major Nancy Jaax. She is a member of USAMRIID or United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. USAMRIID does research on different w...
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains to be a common and potentially serious complication of ventilator care often confronted within an intensive care unit (ICU). Ventilated and intubated patients present ICU physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists with the unique challenge to integrate evidence-informed practices surrounding the delivery of high quality care that will decrease its occurrence and frequency. Mechanical intubation negates effective cough reflexes and hampers mucociliary clearance of secretions, which cause leakage and microaspiration of virulent bacteria into the lungs. VAP is the most frequent cause of nosocomial infections and occurs within 48 hours of intubation. VAP is a major health care burden with its increased morbidity, mortality, longer ventilator days and hospital stay, and escalating health care cost.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Craven , D., & Hjalmarson, K. (2010). Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia: thinking outside the box. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America , 1, p.S59-66. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?sid=44b983f2-9b91-407c-a053-fd8507d9a657@sessionmgr4002&vid=9&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==
Legionella pneumophila are gram-negative rods. They are very difficult to culture because of their complex nutrient requirements, such as cysteine, high concentrations of iron, and the use of activated charcoal agar. They survive as intracellular pathogens of either protozoa or human macrophages. They are most often found in stagnant water reservoirs like air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, humidifiers, faucets and shower heads, and are infectious when inhaled. L. pneumophila was first identified and named after the American Legion convention of 1976, held in Philadelphia, PA. 182 people became infected, and 29 died (most of which were older men or cigarette smokers). Although this organism was named in the 70’s, retrospective studies showed cases since 1943.
Introduction: This paper will discuss a case study of Liam, a three-month-old boy who is transferred from the General Practitioner (GP) to a paediatric ward with bronchiolitis. Initially, Liam’s chief health issues will be identified, followed by a nursing assessment and diagnosis of the child’s needs. Focus will be made on the management of two major health problems: respiratory distress and dehydration, and summary and evaluation of the interventions with evidence of learning. Lastly, a conclusion of the author’s self-evaluation will be presented. Identification of specific key issues: Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days.
Legionnaires disease, characterized as a form of pneumonia, is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Legionella. Legionnaires disease accumulated its name after it spread to more than 4,000 World War II Legionnaires, as well as their family and friends, which all gathered to participate in the 58th American Legion's convention in Philadelphia, about 600 of whom were staying at the hotel this convention was being held at. The day after the convention was being hosted, a great number of the people began feeling ill. No one began to think anything of it, because the symptoms were beginning to be very similar to any other stomach flu. It wasn’t until the American Legionnaires started dying of an illness no one could figure out what was, that endless tests were completed, and Medical specialists came to a conclusion that a bacteria, Legionella, was spreading through the air conditioning vents in the convention hotel. (Legionnaires disease: A history if its discovery). This non contagious infection enters the body through contaminated bacteria into water vapor that we breathe in, affecting the bronchial tubes, and lungs. Legionnaires disease was then given it’s name in 1976, after it killed 34 people from the convention in Philadelphia.
In patients infected with K. pneumonia, inflammatory mechanisms can cause tissue damage that is related with a release of “alarm proteins” (Achouiti, 2012). These alarm proteins are known as the Damage Associated Molecular Patters (DAMPs) and are seen in neutrophils where they potentially affect up to 45 percent of the cytoplasmic protein (Achouiti, 2012). This is harmful because it inhibits the body’s ability to fight the infection, as neutrophils are the body’s natural immunity defense.
Pneumonia can also become a hospital acquired infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a type of lung infection that occurs in a person who has been on a ventilator.... ... middle of paper ... ...
In the documentary, Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria, reporter David Hoffman investigates this new untreatable infection along two individuals and a bacterial virus within a hospital. The first individual Hoffman investigates is Addie Rerecich of Arizona, she was treated for a staph infection with antibiotics, but other complications arise. Addie had a lung transplant, she was given several different antibiotics, but her body became pan-bacteria, non-resistance to the bacteria. Addie’s life was on the edge, she had to be on life support, and finally she received new lungs. The transplant helped Addie but it would take years before could go back to normal before the infection. The second individual is David Ricci; he had his leg amputated in India after a train accident. The antibiotic treatment he received became toxic to his body increasing problems. While in India, he underwent surgery almost every day because of infections he was developing. Back in Seattle, doctors found the NDM-1 resistance gene in his body; NDM-1 gene is resistance to almost all antib...
Bronchiectasis is a chronic disease of the lungs where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection (Nhs.uk.2014). The extent of the disease can vary greatly- may be one section of an airway that is widened and abnormal or many airways- usually somewhere between these extremes. Widened parts of the airways are damaged and inflamed, which causes excess mucus to form which is less easily cleared. Furthermore, these parts of the airways are weaker and more liable to collapse inwards which may affect airflow through the affected airways- severity depends on how many of the airways are affected (Patient.co.uk. 2014). Patients with bronchiectasis have chronic cough and excess sputum production, and infections due to bacteria develop in them- this results in the loss of lung function (O’Donnell 2008).
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
The case study subject is P.L., a twenty- three year-old teacher that is being seen in a clinic for upper respiratory symptoms she has had for two weeks. The patients presents with mild fever, thick but clear mucous from her nose, malaise and swollen cervical lymph nodes. The patient reports her cough continues to increase, consistently becoming more forceful. P.L. reports she works in a school that has fifty-four students diagnosed with pertussis, five of those students are in her class.