Submarines have been around for longer than most people think. The first American attempts at creating a submersible boat date back to the days of the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. These boats, however, turned out to be just as dangerous to the people on board as they were to the enemy boats. So the concept was put aside for a while. But in the 1890's two men named John Holland and Simon Lake built a practical underwater boat. The US Navy bought its first submarine from Mr. Holland on April 11, 1900, a date which is thought of as the birthday of the US submarine force. Submarines progressed in technology throughout the years and were used extensively and quite successfully in both world wars. The major breakthrough in submarine technology came in the next ten years after the war, when nuclear propulsion was developed.
Early submarines were driven by big diesel engines. These engines provided plenty of power for turning the propellers to drive the sub as well as a way to heat the sub and provide electricity. There were however a few drawbacks, fuel economy and the ability to stay underwater for long periods of time. In order to run a diesel engine, you of course need diesel fuel and lots of it. This was a problem since you could only carry so much fuel on a ship. Also diesel engines give off emissions. This was not a problem as long as the submarine was on the surface. When they dove, however, there was only a limited amount of space in which you could pump the fumes before you had to surface and vent. You also need an oxygen intake from the surface. Both of these problems were solved, however, by nuclear power. The world's first nuclear powered submarine was an American boat called the USS Nautilus, which was p...
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2) Freudenrich, Craig, Ph. D., and Marshall Brian. How Submarines Work. 12 Apr. 2003 .
3) Lehman, Cherie Bibo. Doppler Effect. 10 Apr. 2003 .
4) Nuclear Propulsion. 13 Apr. 2003 .
5) Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. N.p.: Thomson Learning, Inc., 2000.
6) Vest, Bryant, and Juli Arendt. What is Sonar? 13 Apr. 2003 .
In the American Revolutionary War, a manned underwater craft named the American Turtle (or the "water-machine") was used against the British Navy. David Brushnell designed this ingenious machine in 1771. The submarine was a one manned, egg-shaped vessel which was propelled by hand-operated screw-like devices. It was bottom-heavy in order for it to remain upright. The operator would plant a submersible mine that could be triggered by a simple clockwork mechanism. He could paddle away after he attached the magazine of gunpowder onto the enemy ship. The operator could stay under for about thirty minutes
Preston, Anthony. Submarines: The History and Evolution of Underwater Fighting Vessels. London: Octopus Books Limited, 1975.
The Hunley could do things people could only imagine. To General Maury, the Hunley’s test run looked like magic. Many people wondered some of the same questions like, “How could a heavy iron boat sink, then resurface? How can it cruise without sails or an engine? What made the torpedo explode on target? How did its crew survive the experience?”
Introduce the topic: In 1942, German U-Boats sunk Allied ships at a rapid rate in an attempt to prevent resources from reaching Britain, leading to the discovery of corvettes.
...t was not for these precursors then the continuation of unrestricted submarine warfare might still be a threat to the vessels that now transport hundreds of thousands of people all over the globe.
Robert Fulton invented the first submersible submarine. This new invention put Fulton’s steamboat ideas on hold. The submarine was for the fast growing British Navy. The British Navy needed an underwater device that could swim under enemy ships and set off explosives. Fulton was American and this invention would make him a celebrity back in the states. Fulton was the head of a 5-10 man team who was inventing this new machine. Fultons main partner was a man named Robert Livingston. Livingston obtained a license for these new machine. This put lots of pressure on Fulton to make sure the sub works. After a couple of tests the mission was completed without any big mistakes. The new Submarine could submerge for 5 hours carrying two men. It was also
7 Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 2000.
1. D. Halliday, R. Resnik & K. Krane, Physics, vol. 2, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1992.
Throughout the years submarine technology has advanced throughout the years from the original military submarine the turtle to the German u boats during WWII modern nuclear power submarines that we have today. These developments have required a lot of technological improvements. To make the u boats work the Germans need better battery and electrical motor technologies and the nuclear submarine obviously needed nuclear technology. Submarines have always been an innovative way to win the navel war.
The Titanic worked like you would expect. Just like any other boat or ship, it floated because it weighed less than the amount of liquid it displaced. However, many factors contributed to the sinking of the Titanic. Rivets are very
In Jacques-Yves Cousteau’s time as an oceanographer he and his partener Emile Gagnan a french inventor, created the aqualung a portable breathing apparatus, consisting of cylinders of compressed air then strapped onto the divers back feeding the air through a tube then into mask or mouthpeice witch allowed divers to stay underwater for longer periods of time(Biography.com/A&E telivision network para 8) also created the Calypso a converted british minesweeper (the editors of encyclopeadia britannica para 4). This submarine was made for sea floor exploration. It was easily meunuverable and had many underwater cameras(the editors of encyclopeadia britannica para 2).
The RMS Titanic sunk more than 100 years ago. It was 102 years to be exact. Even after all of this time, we still want to know more. We want to know why it happened or was there any way to avoid the sad ending and many more questions surrounding the RMS Titanic. However, we know one thing for sure: the sinking of the RMS Titanic was the biggest and most tragic event of the 20th century.
1 David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Extended, 5th ed. (NewYork:Wiley, 1997) 361
Kirkpatrick, Larry D., Wheeler, Gerald F. Physics: A World View. Fourth ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001.
2) Fundamentals of Physics Extended: Fifth Edition. David Hanley, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. 1997.