Pharmacogenomics is the study of variation of humans genomes and how they are affected by a response to medications, due to heredity, that would be tailor-made to adapt to a person or population genetic make up to lessen drug caused morbidity. Pharmacogenetics which is an older term was constructed from the words pharmacology and genetics, which now indicates the intersections of pharmaceuticals and genetics. The vision of pharmacogenomics offer a safer and more effective drugs, where more persons and populations use drug therapies which will increase he influence of drug-development clinical trials and products used in clinical practice. (Mordini 2004) Patient’s selection must be evidence base in the testing of pharmacogenomics in order to avoid genetic profiling, discrimination, stigmatization or distributive injustice. The testing of pharmacogenomics supplies information that could assist with the decision of treatment options for patients. Physician cannot influence patients decisions based on their own opinions. (Ndegwa 2007) Aside from ethical issues there are also social and legal issues. Social issues form pharmacogenomics testing could possible lead to unfair treatment or undesirable outcome such as health discrepancy, due to medical cover compared to others. Legal issues include how these pharmacogenomics affect is being translated into practice. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Acted passed in 2008 protects Americans from discrimination on the basis of genetic information for health insurance and employment purposes. Along with these three issues there are also economic issues that compare whether the person would take full responsibility for billing of the pharmacogenomics testing or if the insurance com... ... middle of paper ... ...in the structure of fluvoxamine; hence it does not exist as an optical isomer. (Harten 1995) The active ingredient that is in this drug is fluvoxamine maleate. The chemical formula for fluvoxamine is C15H21F3N2O2 and it should be stored at a temperature of -20° C freezer, under inert atmospheres. The Chemical property of this drug is colorless oil. The side effects that are associated with this drug are decrease in appetite, sweating, nausea, anxiety, constipation, nervousness, unsteadiness, diarrhea, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, dry mouth, somnolence and dizziness. Also, abnormal bleeding, seizures and manic episodes can be symptoms experienced taking this drug. If a person was to stop taking the drug they can also suffer from withdrawal symptoms like chest pain, dizziness, tiredness, poor mood, nausea, vivid dreams, tingling of the extremities and irritability.
In conclusion, it is important for nurses to have proper training and information in the area of genetics and genomics so that it can be used in daily clinical practice (Thompson & Brooks, 2011). Using this information with clients and conducting a detailed genetic nursing assessment is a valuable component of being an effective health care provider and can help clients recognize, prevent, and/or treat diseases that are unique to their particular
Guidelines like these need to be formed into a federal law that people can pass in one way or another so that we can be protected from the various forms of discrimination that is possible with this kind of information. The public should be aware of what could happen if this kind of information could become public knowledge, and of the opportunities that the knowledge brings. There is no doubt that the information from genetic analysis is going to help a lot of people with all sorts of problems live longer and healthier lives. The only problem is that we have to keep the information in the hands of those who need it, and out of the hands of those who would use the information to profit or discriminate.
Some of these side effects can include dry mouth, insomnia, fatigue, increased appetite, constipation and agitation. Relapse is also very common after discontinuing use of antidepressants causes the brain to push back even more against the neurotransmitters in the brain. It is also said that antidepressants were found to kill neurons which in turn can lead to cognitive decline and developmental problems. Another big label of “danger” on antidepressants is the “Black Box” warning. This is a warning that comes on many antidepressants that warn about the potential increase of suicidal thinking and behavior. This is the most serious type of warning when it comes to prescription drugs. There are many other negative effects from antidepressants but these can all be avoided with proper use of the medicine. When patients feel as though they have to depend on these medications, it can lead to an overdose which can be extremely dangerous. Side effects of OD can be delirium, rapid pulse, cardiac arrhythmias, coma, and even death. However, I am on antidepressants myself, and have been for the last year. I have never experience any of these life altering side effects, just the same side effects that could come from taking your everyday over the counter Tylenol. Just like the Black Box warning from earlier states, it is all prescription drugs, not just
The ultimate goal of pharmacogenomics, as stated by Henig, “would be for everyone’s genome to be analyzed indi...
Teutch, S., & Tuckson, R. Department of Health & Human Services, (2008). U.S. system of oversight of genetic testing: A response to the charge of the secretary of health and human services. Retrieved from website: http://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SACGHS_oversight_report.pdf
The medication given to the children is a trial and error situation. The right drug could take years to find. The children taking this drug feel like test subjects when their pediatrician/psychotherapists must monitor them for compliance to the medication. Side effects differ from each individual, ranging from nervous breakdowns, inadequacy, mania, delusions, physical harm, self harm and possible attempted suicide. These symptoms can be treated with even more medication. Other side effects include: headache, stomach ache, dry mouth, constipation, gas, weight loss/gain, and acne. These symptoms might go away or are tolerable. New symptoms are hard to determine whether or not they are due from a new illness, the drugs, or just natural hormone development.
Race can be used as a way to link a person to their ancestry, which can lead doctors to critical information that can give their patient the best treatment they can. With all of the advances in medicine there is still no way to determine a patient’s specific genetics and be able to treat each person with respect to their unique genes. Doctors narrow down possible risk factors and medication interactions by categorizing patients, by gender, age, and race. Race is a general way f...
Genetic testing is an area that has had significant advancement over the past few years. Genetic testing can provide important information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness or disease (Mayo Clinic, 2015). There has been progress recently with genetic testing within oncology and it has become an accepted standard of oncologic care (Robson, Storm, Weitzel, Wollins, & Offit, 2010 February 10).
Most side effects go away after a while, but not always. Some common side effects are nausea, loss of appetite, headaches, dry mouth, dizziness, moodiness, trouble sleeping, and tics. If you change the times of when you take your medicine or what you eat with it then that can cause more side effects. The medication should be taken with food and you should eat throughout the day and drink plenty of fluids. Depending upon your side effects and the results from your medication, the doctor might change
First, let's consider the situations in which genetic testing would be beneficial to patients. Genetic testing for diseases that are preventable or treatable could allow individuals to alter their lifestyles so as to treat the disease or reduce their risk of developing the disease. For instance, the E2 version of the APOE gene, which is found on chromosome 19, has been linked to heart disease (Ridley, 1999). Individuals who have two copies of the E2 gene are particularly sensitive to high-fat and high-cholesterol diets. Therefore, a genetic test to determine whether a person has the high-risk version of the APOE gene could inform a person of future health risks, thereby allowing the person to change his diet to help prev...
Genetic screening techniques are coming of age and the controversy that surrounds them is growing by the minute. The definition of genetic screenings is as follows: a systematic search for persons with a specific genotype. These tests that look into the essence of humanity, will allow scientist and physicians the opportunity and ability to alter the human genotype for better or worse. Genetic advancements will bring controversy at every milestone. Genetic Screening usually takes place when an individu al or group shows risk for a disease or trait. Genetic testing can pinpoint a specific allelic interaction or multiple gene interactions, which may lead to a disorder. The common thread of life is DNA and DNA is the only major requirement for genetic sc reening. With knowledge of structure and function of DNA scientists can unlock the mysteries of life.
While manufactures say that Zoloft is safe to take there have been many instances where people using this drug have had fatal side effects. Starting off with the least serious side effect would be dry mouth. Also while taking Zoloft you can experience diarrhea and nausea. There have been cases where women taking Zoloft experience sexual dysfunction, they lose their enthusiasm for sexual intercourse and will not achieve an orgasm during sex. These side effect might carry on for years after you stop taking the drug.
Some of the known side effects of GHB involve intoxication, talking, increased energy, happiness, desire to socialize, sensuality, possible nausea, enhanced sexual experience, feeling playful or affectionate, loss of gag reflex, loss of coordination due to loss of muscle tone, mild disinhibition, or the feeling of freedom; exposure, delusions, depression, dizziness, hallucinations, seizures, low blood pressure, slowed heart rate, or difficulty concentrating. Some of the more serious effects include amnesia, vomiting, respiratory problems, loss of conscienceness, being conscience but unable to move, rambling incoherent speech, sedation, disinhibition, giddiness, silliness, desire to sleep, passing out, and death, especially when GHB is mixed with alcohol or other drugs!
Genetics & Personalized Medicine. (2013). University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Retrieved on February 3, 2014 from: http://www.ottawaheart.ca/research_discovery/genetics-personalized-medicine.htm
ADHD medications come with a variety of side effects. The most common side effects are decreased appetite, trouble sleeping, anxiety and irritability. In some cases people have stomachaches or heada...