The Open Door Policy was established between the United States, and China was established in 1899. It was created to protect the equal trading privileges that many other countries had with China, and also China's territorial integrity. The policy was distributed in the form of a circular to Great Britain, Italy, France, Russia, and Germany by the U.S. Secretary of State John Hay. Each of these countries were given a "sphere" that they influenced, and were responsible for. This statement was most well accepted in the United States, and is often considered to be a milestone when it comes to American foreign policy in Asia. The idea that all countries should have equal access to all of China's ports was first introduced in the Anglo-Chinese, …show more content…
As result of the Spanish-American War the United States had recently gained Philippines, Hawaii, and Guam in 1898. Shortly after the United States had a growing in China, because of how cost effect it would be manufacture cotton textiles.The Open Door policy of 1899 stated three main points have continuous trade with China. The first point being that each great power would have free access to the treaty ports, and any other interests it had vested in it's "sphere". Second stating that only the Chinese government was allowed to collect taxes on trade that comes through the ports. Finally that no great power, meaning the United States, Germany, France, and Russia should be exempt from paying harbor dues, or railroad charges. The replies to the policy were not always in agreement, but Hay still took them as agreeing to the …show more content…
In China the Open Door policy ended up causing the Boxer Rebellion. In 1900 European armies were sent to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, because of the chaotic circumstances. At this point John Hay made the choice to send out a second circular, included in this circular was a statement from Hay talking about how important it was to maintain China's territorial, and administrative integrity. Even though John was not looking to get a response from the circular, all the powers seemed to be in agreement except for Japan. Later in 1915 broke the Open Door Policy when they presented the Twenty-One Demands to China. Which stated that Japan was going to enjoy the same privileges as the rest of the powers, China was forced to expect on May 25th, because of their involvement in World War I. Soon after in 1921 the Nine Power Treaty was created at the Washington Conference, which restored the privilege After World War II, and the communist taking over China in 1949, during the Chinese civil war foreigners were no longer granted the same privileges which voided the Open Door
Further more, Interventionism was continued where it was most convenient; in regard to colonial interests, trade opportunities, ensuring peace overseas and the repayment of foreign debt. Although President Harding claimed we see no part in directing the destinies of the world', it seems that a foreign policy of interventionism was needed in directing the destiny of the United States that was a different matter. Colonial interests were claimed in Alaska, the Philipines, Central America and Hawaii. In 1921 it signed the Four Power Treaty with Britain, France and Japan and then the Nine Power Treaty agreeing to respect China's independence but allowing them equal trading rights and so the ability to abuse China's economy.
In reaction to Japan’s landing and hostility towards China, the United States, who wanted to keep the open-door policy with China, placed economic sanctions on Japan to slow down Japan’s advances in China. Higgs.... ... middle of paper ... ...
The Japanese government believed that the only way to solve its economic and demographic problems was to expand into its neighbor’s territory and take over its import market, mostly pointed at China. To put an end on that the United States put economic sanctions and trade embargoes. We believed that if we cut off their resources and their source of federal income than they would have no choice but to pull back and surrender. But the
The United States believed that by using economic expansion method they could expand and explore their economy; their economy was dependent on foreign trade due of increasing agriculture and manufacturing exports. America paid money to Panama to get control of the Panama Canal. It begun in 1904 and completed in 1914. They did this because they needed strong power over the world to protect its trading interests and it also empowered America to expand its economy and military influence. US believed that control over sea was the answer to the world preemi...
The idea of spheres of influence, which was an agreement of nations to respect a neighboring nation’s culture, accompanied by an Open Door Trade policy, which allowed all nations to participate in international transactions, became a prominent factor of foreign relations with the Asian continent. As stated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his annual message to Congress on December 6, 1904, “We would interfere with them only in the last resort… their iability or unwillingness to do justice at home and abroad had violated ... rights...” (Document E). However, it would be appropriate to say that the United States became power hungry and chose to gain authority and/or mass amounts of influence over other, smaller, rising nations. Examples of this can be found within the Foraker Act of 1900, which restrained the Puerto Rican government and limited rights of the citizens within Puerto Rico, the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which ended the spanish-American War and granted the United States over former Spanish islands, and the Portsmouth Conference of 1905, which the United States made itself the mediator of power and land concluding the Russo-Japanese War, which was spurred over land disputes. The statement “...only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single champion”, by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on April 2, 1917,
The two decades after the end of WWI witnessed significant changes in the economic, social as well as cultural life in America. In the 1920s, the memories of WWI and fear of another costly and deadly European conflict led to the development of Isolationism Policy. The United States adopted the foreign policy of isolationism became isolated due to its economic policies and politics. This policy was in response to the Japanese aggression in Chinese Manchuria. According to Blume (2010), the country involved without commitment as it gained advantages without obligations. The U.S could get involved in world affairs but could not act by interfering or having alliances with other nations. Thus, US became a sovereign free state which was at peace.
Japan announced its new policy and invaded Manchuria and Japan. The U.S. was concerned about Japan’s behavior but did not take war actions so they stopped trading with them. President Franklin moved U.S. Navy from California to Pearl Harbor with the Congress agreement. The United States became a major threat to Japan. Many people believe the Japanese were successful in their attack. But, the result of the attack did not enable Japan to expand in the Pacific. It did not result in the acquisition of more natural resources. And, the restrictions were not lifted as a result of the
While Puerto Rico was being held under the care of the department of War, the political leaders in the United States capital pondered how to legislate the policies of the new possessions. The Treaty of Paris that was drafted as a means to end the Spanish American War had declared the new possessions, (The Philippines, Hawaii and Puerto Rico among others) colonies of the United States of America. Decisions made by the U.S. regarding one of these countries would evidently influence the policies towards the other. Although they were acquired during the same period of time, the legislation would vary accordin...
In the First World War, Japan joined the Allied powers, but played only a minor role in fighting German colonial forces in East Asia. At the following Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Japan's proposal of amending a "racial equality clause" to the covenant of the League of Nations was rejected by the United States, Britain and Australia. Arrogance and racial discrimination towards the Japanese had plagued Japanese-Western relations since the forced opening of the country in the 1800s, and were again a major factor for the deterioration of relations in the decades preceeding World War 2. In 1924, for example, the US Congress passed the Exclusion Act that prohibited further immigration from Japan.
The U.S. got a late start in the race for trading rights with China, and with the U.S. now in the Philippines, the race became economically crucial for America. By this time, Great Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan claimed exclusive trading rights with China within their sphere of influence. Some, like Japan, even claimed parts of China as their own. In order to level out the playing field Secretary of State John Hay sent diplomatic dispatches to these nations, urging an Open Door Policy, in which there would be equal trading rights with China. All the dispatches came back to Hay with their corresponding nations endorsing the proposal. However, before the policy was enacted, the Chinese tried to expel the “foreign devils” from their homeland in what was to be called the Boxer Rebellion. This nationalist rebellion was put down by an international police force including 2,500 U.S. troops. These actions of intervention in Latin America and China were part of American imperialism.
The East Asians, mostly China and Japan, both were trying to become or stay a great power, and did it in different ways. Japan tried to isolate themselves by only allowing limited contact and no spreading of Christianity, as was talked about in document sixteen. China tried to keep up with them by using a strong legal system as was mentioned in document six, and government set up like the monarchs of Europe, in that the power is passed from father to son, as seen in document five. Japan, at first, let the newcomers in and learn about them, and let them learn a little from them. However, they didn't have very good experiences, like as portrayed in document twelve, the Japanese thought of the Europeans as arrogant and full of themselves, and the Europeans, like Will Adams in document fourteen, didn't like what the Japanese did, in holding them there when they wanted to leave, and the way they treated the women as completely there just to serve and help the men, as was mentioned in document eleven.
Many foreign powers ravaged China in search of wealth, brutally destroying land and violently fighting people. After much of the devastation, the Dynasty was ‘forced’ to acquiesce to the foreign powers (-only after they assured Cixi that her position and power would be held in place). The results of these was called the Boxer Protocol – which would later be considered one of the “Unequal Treaties.” Among the stipulations of the Boxer Protocol, China would have to pay an enormous amount of money, for indemnity, to about 14 countries (in different proportions). Furthermore, foreign powers were given the right to seize and inhabit certain places in China.
“Before it ended in 1902, some 126,500 Americans troops served in the Philippines, 4,234 died there, and 2,800 more were wounded. The cost was $400 million.” (Nash 689). Those are just the number of U.S soldiers, as Philippines lost forty times more the U.S. The loss was extreme, but goal was achieved and U.S had one more Island to its name. During the ongoing War Open Door policy was issued in 1899 preventing China to be taken over by European Countries. Trade with in the Asia, mainly China was the reason behind U.S helping Philippines fight against Spain and annexation of Philippine Island through war. Imperialism, the hunger to trade internationally and forming the world’s strongest resulted in U.S annexation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippine Island under the Treaty of Paris of
There are benefits and challenges for an open enrollment school. Two benefits that come to mind is an open door policy where all is welcome. This leads to my second benefit, the potential to have a very diverse school setting. One challenge that comes to mind is the distance between school and home.
Another policy that occurred because of the war was the “open door” policy. America had much interest in Asia, and the Philippines provided a door to China. America viewed China as a weak country, and was afraid that other countries might attack China, take over, and exploit it. The annexation of the Philippines gave America the opportunity to “protect” china. So the Americans proposed an open door policy, where each country in the treaty were allowed a place of influence, where china had to respect the laws of the countries, but were allowed to collect tariffs.