On Animal experiments
analytical Essay
665 words
Introduction Many institutions use animal experiments to develop a new product or test the safety of medicines. Animals may be modified into suitable condition to obtain knowledge about potential human diseases and treatments. As animals including mice and rats that are distant from human share many genetic and physiological similarities with human, experimenting on them may bring enormous benefits (BBC, n.d.). Many of the experiments, however, cause pain to them or even reduce their living quality (HOPES, 2010). This brings attention to the justification of animal experiments. The moral status of animals and the benefit are highly controversial parts of the concern. Against animal experiments Most people would agree that animals have some kind of moral status. This presents a shift of view from past that animals had no moral status and respecting them was merely for protecting human property. Today, this question has evolved to how much moral status and what right animals have. (HOPES, 2010) The strongest answer to the question is that animals have the same moral status as humans do and that they deserve exactly the same treatment. This claim means that human have no right of killing and forcing animals in fulfilling their own goals and animals are no different from human. Specifically, supporters argue that animals have the capacity to enjoy or suffer life. (HOPES, 2010) They further claim that granting animals less moral is simply a prejudice or “speciesism”. Human has the tendency to consider themselves more moral simply because they belong to their own species. Belonging to particular race does not mean other species have less moral status. (HOPES, 2010) Considering the fact that the experiment exerts suffering to animals,... ... middle of paper ... ...or ability as some animals, are not considered subjects. Works Cited BBC. n.d. Animal ethics: Experimenting on animals. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtml [Accessed: 18 Nov 2013]. Harley, H. 2013. Consciousness in dolphins? A review of recent evidence. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, pp. 1--18. HOPES. 2010. Animal Research: The Ethics of Animal Experimentation. [online] Available at: http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/07/animal-research/ [Accessed: 18 Nov 2013]. NEAVS. n.d. Alternatives to Animal Testing and Research. [online] Available at: http://www.neavs.org/alternatives/in-testing [Accessed: 18 Nov 2013]. Stevens, A. and Stevens, J. 2012. Animal Cognition. [online] Available at: http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/animal-cognition-96639212 [Accessed: 18 Nov 2013].
In this essay, the author
- Explains that many institutions use animal experiments to develop a new product or test the safety of medicines. the moral status of animals and the benefit are highly controversial parts of the concern.
- Opines that both sides of the question seem reasonable, but there are some faults in the statement. supporters of animal experiment consider animals inferior because they have no cognitive abilities.
- Explains that people have a biased view on moral status of animals. judging animals on their cognitive abilities is unjustified because of two reasons: one should not be judged by certain kinds of skill; some intelligence-challenged human, which may not have superior ability, are not considered subjects.
- Argues that animals have the same moral status as humans and that they deserve exact same treatment. they argue that granting animals less moral is simply a prejudice or "speciesism".
- Explains that animal experimentation is acceptable if the suffering for animals is minimized, refine the equipment so that animals would suffer less, and replace animal experiments by using alternative techniques.
- Describes the ethical aspects of animal experimentation, and narrates how hopes, neavs and stevens, a. and j.
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- Animal Experimentationexplanatory essayAnimal Experimentation Holly Anderson was a strong supporter for animal rights. When she was a little girl, she saw a cat get run over by a car. As she watched it die slowly, some young boys were poking it with a stick. She screamed, “Why don’t you leave that poor cat alone!” One boy replied, “We wanted to see if maggots will come out of its nose!
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how holly anderson was a strong supporter for animal rights. she viewed all scientists who use animals to experiment on as immature little boys just trying to get out of blood and guts.
- Narrates how the doctors decided to take the cats to the lab to find the virus serum. they couldn't guarantee that any of them would live through the tests or feel any pain.
- Narrates how holly felt bad for her five cats that were dead, but it was good to have all five of her children there at the funeral for fluffy, furry, frisky, grumpy, and
- Opines that animal experimentation is cruel and inhumane, under regulated, and there are alternatives to it.
- Explains that many people claim that animal experimentation is cruel and inhumane. however, the laws and regulations that have been set to make sure animals are not being treated like this are invalid.
- Explains that animal experimentation is under-regulated, and that the federal government requires that all studies on animals be humane, scientifically or medically valuable and well-designed.
- Opines that scientists are cold-blooded murderers who don't care for animals and that they must be destroyed to validate and conclude any experiment where animals are used.
- Explains that there is an alternative to animal testing, called "nonanimal testing," which involves performing an experiment with no animals or as few as possible.
- Explains that animal experimentation benefits humans, is ethical and natural, and is humane. animal rights activists exaggerate and will stop or slow progress.
- Explains that animal experimentation has saved millions of lives, including organ transplants, surgical procedures, heart drugs, and polio vaccines.
- Explains that humans have had a benefit from animal experimentation, such as the treatment of familial hypercholestolemia in watanabe rabbits.
- Opines that it is dangerous to stop animal testing because animals are used in training medical students.
- Explains that animal experimentation is ethical and natural. there have been 41 nobel prizes awarded to scientists for their achievements due to the use of animals in their research.
- Explains that experimentation is ethical because standards have been devised and are being met. the animal welfare act of 1966 sets minimum standards for housing, feeding, watering, and handling lab animals.
- Explains that animal experimentation is ethically sound and natural. it dates back to aristotle using animals for his first surgical practice.
- Explains that god said, “let us make man in our likeness, and let him rule over the fish of the sea, the birds of air, over livestock over earth, etc.
- Explains that humans are the rulers over animals and that passage states that it is the rights of humans to use animals to their advantage.
- Explains that most research today is completely humane. sixty-two percent of the animal subjects don't feel pain, while 32 percent are on enough painkillers or anesthetics.
- Explains that in a primate research lab, it is practiced policy to keep all research an ethical and scientific concern and all procedures are to be as matter of routine.
- Explains that animal rights activists have struck terror throughout the scientific community, forcing research labs to put their much needed funding into security systems to insure that nothing will happen to them or that animals will not be stolen.
- Opines that animal rights activists are misinformed and waste money on unnecessary research. they claim that the u.s. alone uses 150 million animals for research in a year.
- Opines that animal experimentation must continue for the sake of mankind. the cost of twenty animals' lives could save millions of people.
- Opines that animal experimentation is saving millions of lives every day by the progress that is made to treat and cure diseases and develop new surgical and technical methods.
3025 wordsRead More - Animal Experimentationanalytical essayTwo months ago I went to see the film “Rise of the Planet of Apes” at the theater. This film was about chimpanzees that were exposed to animal research to find a cure for Alzheimer’s disease. Consequently, one of the chimpanzees tested with the Alzheimer’s cure developed an enhanced genetic intelligence that lead to the freedom of the other captive chimpanzees. Although this film was a science fiction movie, during the film, there were scenes that depicted cruelty towards chimpanzees. These scenes made me concerned about how inhumane people are towards research chimpanzees. Even with a sense of ethic, I believe animals should deserve respect and consideration. However, there were some scenes during that movie that also made me think about how animals such as chimpanzees were an essential part of human lives. Chimpanzees in the film were experimented on to find a cure for people with Alzheimer’s disease. This demonstrated that chimpanzees themselves suffered to promote the welfare of humans. This exemplary movie leads to the question, Should animal experimentation be permitted?
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the film "rise of the planet of apes" depicted cruelty towards chimpanzee research, and how it led to the question, should animal experimentation be permitted?
- Argues that animal experimentation is necessary to develop new medicine for the welfare of humans, and advance in scientific knowledge to prevent future diseases.
- Analyzes loeb's argument that animals deserve humane treatment to be able to use them as part of medicine research. regan disagrees with the cynicism of humans who excuse research on animals.
- Explains that many medical advances have been achieved through research with animals. the development of immunization techniques against today’s infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus disease, depends entirely on experiments in animals, and physiological disorders such as diabetes and epilepsy are treatable today.
- Analyzes how loeb's analysis argues that to cause an animal to suffer is to harm that animal, thereby diminishing that individual animal’s welfare.
- Analyzes how loeb disagrees with reagan's argument that medical advances can be achieved through research in animals without violating animal welfare. animal experimentation should be supported to develop new medicine to protect the welfare of humans
- Analyzes how loeb supports his statement that animal experimentation should be supported when he says that humans are superior to other animals.
- Explains that animal research has not only benefited humans, but procedures and products developed through process have also helped animals.
- Opines that humans have the right to protect and preserve animals and ensure that they are not exploited. vaccines are a very important part of animal’s health.
- Explains that animal experimentation advances scientific knowledge to prevent future diseases. animals have been essential to the evolution of modern medicine and the conquest of many illnesses.
- Opines that many medical challenges remain to be solved, such as cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, dementia, depression, arthritis, and inherited disorders.
- Analyzes how loeb depicts a relevant and at the same time frank concern because many illness and diseases are still remained unsolved. tom reagan concerns that animal experimentation to advance scientific knowledge is not well done in animals.
- Opines that the use of anesthetics and other "humane" steps lessens the wrong done to these animals, when they are "sacrificed" in ventricles type research.
- Analyzes how reagan makes an excellent point in the means of defending such creature from cruelty, but ignores the fact that anesthetics benefit humans instead of impairing their health.
- Opines that loeb's dynamic belief has self-motivated them to believe that animal experimentation should be attempted and should not be hindered.
1546 wordsRead More - Needless Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation is Wrongopinionated essayFox, Michael Allen. "Animal Experimentation is not justified." Animal Rights:Opposing Viewpoints. Leone,Bruno, Series Ed. San Diego, CA. Greenhouse Press.1996.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that penicillin is lethal to guinea pigs, deactivates the blood system of rabbits and is deadly to cats. scientists are pushing for more experiments regardless of the cost to the animal's life.
- Argues that animals suffering in experimentation labs are just and cruel to animals. it is wrong to harm an innocent animal of any wrong doing, when the animal doesn't know right from wrong
- Explains that charles fried claims physical harm as an impingement upon the body which either causes pain or impairs functioning. many animals experience pain, and sometimes death, during lab experiments.
- Defines vivisection as an invasive experiment performed on an animal for the purpose of scientific research, product testing or education.
- Opines that animal experiments are wrong because of the repulsive pain of electrodes planted in chimps' brains, and the tortured raccoon's death.
- Explains that more than five billion dollars of federal tax revenue are spent annually on animal research. animals, like the rest of nature, were understood not to have any sort of value except to bring enjoyment to lives.
- Explains that scientists test products on animals to see if they are safe. many companies use tests such as the draize test and the ld-50.
- Explains that draize test is used to measure the harmfulness of chemicals found in household products and cosmetics, by observing the damage they cause to the eyes and skin of animals.
- Explains that the lethal dose 50 test kills half of the test group. the animals that didn't die are killed.
- Explains that even with testing that the animal goes through, a reliable prediction is impossible to ascertain. pain is not the only side effect of experiments; psychological effects occur too.
- Opines that there should be ways to undo experiments that do not involve animals. if animal testing were to stop overall, would the research end?
- Explains that with in vitro (test tube) technologies, scientists can do chemical assay tests, tissue culture systems, cell and organ cultures, cloned human skin cells, mathematical models, and human volunteers.
- Opines that all wild animals have the right to liberty in their natural environment, whether land, air, or water, and should be allowed to procreate. depravation of freedom is an infringement of an animals right.
- Opines that animals were on this land before humans, so they have a right to be treated equally. if scientists keep on experimenting with animals, they may go extinct.
- Explains that animal experimentation is not justified. animal rights:opposing viewpoints. leone,bruno, san diego, ca. greenhouse press.
955 wordsRead More - Animal Experimentationexplanatory essayAnimal Experimentation Jeremy Bentham a philosopher and a utilitarian humanitarian once said, “The question is not, “Can they reason?” nor, “Can they talk?” but “Can they suffer?”(the-principles). Why are there so many animals in the world suffering from animal experimentation? Animal experimentation is used in order to test products and to discover new medical research. While animal experimentation is necessary many people believe it is wrong and inhumane.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that animal experimentation is used to test products and discover new medical research, but many people believe it is wrong and inhumane.
- Explains that animal experimentation can be very useful for testing new products and finding new medical treatments to save people's lives.
- Explains that animals are very necessary to save the lives of not only other animals but also humans. animals have taken the place of humans for testing new medical treatments and new products.
- Opines that animal experimentation can be harmful and traumatizing for the animals, and there are many downfalls to it.
- Explains that animal rights groups have been determined to try and get scientists to find alternative alternatives to using animals in order to save more animals.
- Opines that animal experimentation is harmful to animals and inhumane, but it is the only thing right now that is helping to discover new medical advances.
777 wordsRead More - Gordon Gallup's 'Planet Of The Nephesh'analytical essayMegan, the chimp subject for self-awareness, had a mirror placed in her holding pen for a set time. After this time Megan received a red spot on her forehead and was placed back in the holding pen where she in fact “scratched at the spot” (Wynne, p.50). To others Megan’s scratching proved a conscious awareness. To contradict the theory Robert Epstein, Robert Lanza and B.F. Skinner “demonstrated that, with training even pigeons can pass Gallup’s mirror test” (Wynne). Again animals can be trained to give conditioned responses. The third area of the study focused on theory of mind “I am not the only conscious being. Others are conscious and I take this into account in my dealings with them” (Wynne,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that animals do not contain hominid synonymous souls, but separate acknowledgeable nephesh, greek for breathing essences from their creator. humans develop moral standards to which they live their lives passionately.
- Analyzes how hodgson defines human ensoulment as a group phenomenon involving deliberative, emotionally-driven and purported inescapable rules that apply to their community.
- Analyzes how humans project personal experiences and opinions onto animals rather than understanding how an animal's mind considers its surroundings and convergences.
- Narrates the story of an older rancher who came face to face with a pack of nasty looking coyotes, and his trusty three horses who were also in the field, came to his rescue.
- Disagrees that the horses reacted to the danger imposed by the coyotes not by emotional attachment for the rancher. animals do not pose a moral human soul regardless of an animal’s ability to display affection.
- Explains that many psychologists agree consciousness includes three occurrences language, self-awareness, and theory of mind. humans are fluent in many dialects and recognize that other beings have individual minds.
- Explains that apes can be taught sign language, follow basic directions, and even go live on the internet answering questions. herb terrace of columbia university discredited the results upon review of his research data.
- Explains that gordon gallup developed the red spot test to prove self-recognition. megan, the chimp subject, had a mirror placed in her holding pen.
- Explains that great apes without training do not see separate conscious beings based on the results of the "guesser-knower experiment" performed by trainer daniel povinilli.
- Argues that animal nephesh is not comparable on a complex level to humans and therefore should only be allotted professional standards of conduct.
- Explains that animals do not consciously recognize human beings as having separate individualisms instead we are encompassed into the group conscious collective. jane goodall, dian fossey, lois leakey observed large apes in the wild and witnessed similarities of behavior
- Concludes that animal nephesh is not morally conscious equivalent to humans. animals react to dangerous and painful stimuli not out of emotional attachments.
1755 wordsRead More - Pros And Cons Of Animal Testinganalytical essayIn this paper, I have argued that: (1) Killing animals for the sole purpose of testing by humans is an unnatural act. (2) Animals feel fear, pain, and stress while being tested but are unable to communicate these feelings in a spoken language. (3) Animals have rights and humans must protect them from mistreatment and abuse. (4) With advancements in modern science, it is unnecessary to use live animals for experimentation. Therefore, the use of animals for testing purposes and research is morally and ethically wrong.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that animal testing by humans has received much attention over the years and the issue has often been debated.
- Argues that killing or hurting any living being is morally wrong, since man's basic instinct is to protect himself and all others from harm. an animal, no matter how small or unimportant, should be treated with respect and no one has the right to decide whether it should live or die.
- Opines that if humans were used for testing, they would be told of the consequences and have the right to refuse, but an animal is not able to say yes or no and has no choice about the testing.
- Explains how the johns hopkins center for alternatives to animal testing (caat) has worked with scientists since 1981 to find new methods to replace the use of laboratory animals in experiments.
- Argues that killing animals for research is morally and ethically wrong, since people can exist on a vegan diet without harm.
948 wordsRead More - Primate Virtues: A Cross-species Study of Moralityanalytical essayWe do not regard the animals as moral beings. But do you suppose the animals regard us as moral beings? –An animal which could speak said, ‘Humanity is a prejudice of which we animals at least are free’.[1]
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how aristotle uncovers the proper motives for action by noting those that are improper.
- Explains that an act cannot be considered courageous if it is performed simply because the agent is ignorant of the dangers involved. this is not the case with washoe who is a fully competent chimpanzee.
- Argues that the proper motive for acting courageously is for the sake of an honorable goal, which promotes and maintains the good life.
- Describes fouts, roger, and stephan tukel mills. next of kin.
- Argues that human moral reasoning is a normal biological phenomenon that we share with the rest of the animal community, most noticeably with our closest primate relatives.
- Argues that even though chimpanzees are not considered moral agents like ourselves, there are times when they must be identified as moral in accordance with our own standards.
4368 wordsRead More - Animal Welfare In Farmingopinionated essay... concept. An animal cannot follow our rules of morality, “Perhaps most crucially, what other species can be held morally accontable” (Scully 44). As a race humans must be humane to those that cannot grasp the concept. Animals do not posess human rights but they posess the right to welfare and proper treatment by their handlers.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that humans have certain rights that protect us in society, but the animals we raise for food live under a complicated system that constantly changes. many animal rights groups claim that animal farming is an inhuman practice that violates the rights of living creatures.
- Explains that america focuses heavily on its livestock and crops earning us a major role in global trade. unfortunately, this has led to poor choices in treatment of our animals.
- Opines that the public's outrage and drastic changes have led to the establishment of animal rights groups such as people for the ethical treatment of animals.
- Explains that the united states government has created new laws to protect the welfare and rights of farm animals and allow for humane farming.
- Explains that the treatment of animals on american farms can easily sway the opinons of the consumers who will make demands based on what they see as morally fit.
- Argues that animals are capable of conceiving the concept of morality despite their different thought processes. if animals were to live as they would in nature, it would be the same immoralite as out in the wild.
- Explains that one may be humane to animals but not because of animal rights but because it would be creul and mean to treat them badly without good reason.
- Opines that humans must be humane to those that cannot grasp the concept of morality. the moral responsibilities of america's agricultural industry are an issue that posess no current solution.
1683 wordsRead More - Controversy and Importance of Animal Testinganalytical essayThe debate over animal testing centers around two issues: the effectiveness of testing on animals and the ethical questions developed when using humanity’s closest living relatives for experimentation. Animal testing in general has benefited humans and the advantages for humankind outweigh the harm done to animals. Not only is it important for scientists to experiment on animals; it is ethically wrong not to perform those experiments knowing that people will benefit from them (Mur). The scientific community and governments around the world are making progress in their efforts to develop alternative methods. Advances in technology may make the goal for minimized animal testing achievable in the future (Judson). However, controversy over the role of animals in medicine will likely persist as long as some diseases remain uncured (Mur).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that vaccines protect people from serious diseases that can affect them for the rest of their lives. to prevent diseases from spreading, scientists had to run tests and experiments on lab animals.
- Explains that animal experimentation, or animal testing, is the act of using non-human animals in place of humans in toxicity tests. the roman catholic church forbade the dissection of human corpses.
- Argues that companies should not be banned from using animals in testing new products, drugs, and vaccines to determine if they are safe for human use.
- Explains that animal testing is performed to learn secrets such as sharks are resistant to cancer, amphibians regulate their own blood pressure, and cockroaches regenerate injured nerves.
- Argues that alternative methods to animal testing, such as computer models and tissue cultures, cannot completely replace animal studies, even though they supplement existing live animal techniques.
- Argues that companies should be banned from using animals in testing new products, drugs, and vaccines to determine if they are safe for human use.
- Explains that peta was founded by alex pacheco in 1980 and grew to about 800,000 members by 2004. a critic, c. ray greek, argues that animal testing has little to no value in today's world.
- Explains that bacteria are grown in a medium containing rat liver enzymes to test chemicals to see if they cause genetic mutations or cancer.
- States that the johns hopkins university center for development of alternatives to animal testing was established in 1981 to help the scientific community develop research and testing projects that use fewer animals or no animals at all.
- Opines that the debate over animal testing centers around two issues: the effectiveness of testing on animals and the ethical questions developed when using humanity's closest living relatives for experimentation.
2090 wordsRead More - Animal Testing: The Most Harmful Effects Of Animal Testingopinionated essay“The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality.”(Arthur Schopenhauer)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that animal testing is one of the most horrible things you could do to an animal. it could cause it to become crippled for the rest of its life.
- Opines that some animals that are tested on are being abused and not getting their fare treatment of social activities and some of the people testing them aren't even being fed. if they miss behave, people inject poison into them and kill them.
- Explains that the medicine you use every day has killed a sweet loving dog that you could have adopted.
- Explains that many drug administers report that 92 out of every 100 drugs that pass animal tests fail in people so why even test the animals if they are going to fail?
- Opines that animal testing is pointless because it could be a waste of money since most of the medicines made don’t even work for humans.
- Opines that the world does not need more brands of makeup hand soap and food ingredient just for the cost of a precious living things life.
- Explains that with the technology now we could just get a sample of animal cells and use those for the testing not just using the whole animal and injecting it with poison just so humans can get pesticides so that we can life the high life while every other creature on the planet just dies off.
- Opines that animals are going extinct because of over hunting, over fishing, and animal testing. animal testing stops or we stop using animals for testing of medicine for a long time.
- Opines that if animal is tested on there are high chances that animal can grow an extra limb life, a paw foot, or even an additional ear which could mess up the animal's hearing and balance.
- Concludes that animal testing is a horrible thing and it could end the lives of every type of animals humans know about.
- Quotes ellen degeneres to encourage people to test cosmetics on animals instead of using prisoners who have been convicted of murder or rape.
- Opines that the assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is an outrageous example of western crudity and barbarity.
731 wordsRead More