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Norovirus literature review
Norovirus literature review
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What is norovirus? It is a disease, but also named after various viruses. Some people might disagree with the fact that norovirus is highly contagious. How to suffer infection by norovirus is drinking or eating compliances that are affected. However, to prevent this wash your hands thoroughly after the bathroom, and after changing a diaper, avoid contaminated food and drinks, wash fruits and vegetables, and cook seafood thoroughly. Also, next time when you proceed to the bathroom or change a diaper wash your hands. Therefore, this research has information about norovirus making people all over are aware of how unwelcomed this disease is spreading and how contagious it is.
First, norovirus was founded in 1972. Did you know that people
In 1994, a stable in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia broke out with an unknown respiratory disease that resulted in thirteen horses and one horse trainer severely ill, resulting in death. [7, 8] This disease was isolated by scientists and later classified as the Hendra virus. The Hendra virus (HeV), previously unknown, is now classified under the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus along with its sister viruses the Nipah Virus and Cedar virus.[7, 9] HeV has the capability of causing fatal diseases in several animal species including humans.[1] The primary host of the Hendra virus was identified as the flying fox species from the genus Pteropus[1,2,3] that resides and migrates through Northeastern Australia[8] or more specifically, the East coast of Australia to Melbourne and west across Northern Australia to Darwin[7].
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
...y infections that could cause short term or long term unneeded damage. For this reason doctors and health care professionals are recommending that all people of all ages to get theses vaccines (University of Maryland Center, 2014). Other ways to prevent this disease are to simply keep clean and be aware of good hand hygiene (University of Maryland Center, 2014). By washing your hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water with friction, most bacteria are killed. Doing this prevents organisms from potentially getting inside your body.
Organisms that cause disease can variety the ordinary cold to food poisoning to meningitis. They can spread in various ways such as by contacting with body fluids, consumption of undercooked food, or swimming in dirty water. In many countries surveys have took place to see the amount of disease spread by waterborne pathogens. One of the most way pathogens are spread is through personal contact.
Valley fever has always been a problem for humans all around the world. Valley fever is one of the many pathogens found in the world. It is an infection that can potentially cause many different problems. These problems have a very extensive range of severity though. It is very hard to avoid exposure to this pathogen if you live in an area where it is common. There are many different treatments and it is rarely fatal though. There are also ways to prevent valley fever. Valley fever is a pathogen that causes many different symptoms and is found all over the world.
Salmonella is a gram-negative rod, which is known to infect humans, birds, and other mammals by invading and irritating the intestines. It is more common in poultry and swine which, if consumed, can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. The infectious disease can be found almost everywhere and anywhere, including in water, animal feces, raw poultry, and raw seafood. Animals consume salmonella from the soil or contaminated processed feed. In humans, salmonella can lead to a developing typhoid-like fever that persists among other symptoms. However, there is no vaccine available for Salmonella but no treatment is needed because the infection is usually simply fought off by the immune system. There are various ways of preventing the salmonella infection as well, for example, careful cleaning of hands and utensils while cooking are simple preventative actions. Keeping clean and properly preparing food are the best ways contamination and spread of Salmonella can be avoided.
I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Health and Economic Burdens of Norovirus Disease – The health burden of foodborne norovirus is significant (Painter et al., 2013). Norovirus causes a significant morbidity in terms of the number of outbreaks and associated illnesses each year in the United States. Hall et al. (2013) analyzed surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and derived estimates for AGE (acute gastroenteritis) associated with norovirus and found that about 19 to 21 million AGE illnesses, 400,000 emergency room visits, 1.7 to 1.9 million outpatient visits, 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations, and 570 to 800 deaths are caused by norovirus disease (Hall et al., 2013). ). There is an estimated 1 million pediatric cases requiring health provider intervention, 1 out of every 14 children will require emergency room intervention and 1 out of every 6 children will require outpatient intervention (Wikswo & Hall, 2012; Hall et al., 2013).
As you exit the bus, another passenger next to you starts to cough, and then you hold the handrail as you exit the bus. Since you’re late getting home, you take a shortcut through a field to get home quicker. These three simple acts just exposed you to bacteria, viruses, and insects that could cause illness or even death. Infectious diseases, also known as communicable disease, are spread by germs. Germs are living things that are found in the air, in the soil, and in water. You can be exposed to germs in many ways, including touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Animal and insect bites can also spread germs.1
An infectious disease is caused by another organism whether bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic or rickettsia. Infectious diseases are transmitted through a direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This can happen when someone who has the bacterium or virus touches, kisses, coughs/sneezes on someone who is not infected. Noninfectious disease cannot be passed from one being to another. Non-infectious diseases are generic or life style related. Things such as Down syndrome and skin cancer are non-infectious diseases.
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
for which no cure has yet been created. It is important to know however, that methods are currently available which can prevent the transfer of this virus, and even slow down its malicious effects. before they become fatal. It is equally important to know how to avoid getting the virus and also the symptoms in case you might run across them. They are all a lot.
What is Foodborne Illness? According to a medical dictionary, foodborne illness is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by consuming food contaminated with pathogenic, bacteria, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites. Such contamination was caused by improper food handling, preparation or storage of food. Contacts between food and pests, especially flies, cockroaches and rodents are a further cause of contamination of food. Foodborne illness can also be caused by adding pesticides or medicine to food or consuming or by accidentally consuming naturally poisonous substances. That is why foodborne illness can also be called food poisoning.
A virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes-even grippe. It is a very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated.
The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. “Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.” (Schmutz 1)
The most common cause of gastroenteritis in adults is the transmission of norovirus; a viral infection that spreads from fecal matter. Noroviruses are highly contagious and can spread directly from person to person, or indirectly through contaminated water and food. When a person is infected, the norovirus attacks their small intestine, entering a host cell by attaching to receptors and triggering endocytosis. It then proceeds to replicate itself, increasing the number of infected cells in the body. Symptoms appear roughly 1-2 days after the initial exposure to the virus, and lasts between 1-3 days. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and a loss of appetite are common symptoms of norovirus, however sufferers may also experience muscle aches, weakness and mild fevers and headaches. Rotavirus is another prevalent agent that causes gastroenteritis, however it only affects infants and young children, due to the fact that immunity against it is developed after infection. It is incredibly common and virtually every child in the world experiences symptoms of the rotavirus before they reach the age of