Control of Musclewood
American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) is found in the eastern part of the United States in hardwood forest. Many names are associated with American hornbeam such as, blue-beech, ironwood, musclewood, and water-beech (Metzger 1990). The use of musclewood is mostly only known for the production of tool handles, since it does not crack or split (Briggs and Nesom 2003). There are no known insects/diseases that affect the growth of musclewood (Metzger 1990). Muslewood is known for having thin bark, which makes controlling it easy with frequent fire or top killing(Briggs and Nesom 2003).
Management of Bottom Land Hardwood
Bottomland hardwoods across the southern portion of the United States offer a variety of species composition
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It is primarily used as decorative landscape trees, along with forage production for wildlife including deer and turkey. This oak is native to Asia, and has a considerably large acorn crop year to year, the seed that is produced is usually confined, due to the seed dispersal method. But often times in a natural setting, the seed dispersal rate can be rather large due to birds and squirrels (Whittemore, 2004). Sawtooth oaks have recently been thought not to thrive well on poorly drained soils, but recent studies show that it does extremely well in these areas in comparison with the fastest growing native oak, nuttall oak (Quercus texana), (Francis and Johnson, 1985). Although many people plant sawtooth oak for deer forage, a recent study has shown that sawtooth oak (when compared to native oaks) lacks in key nutrients which deer need such as fat, protein, and crude. (SAWTOOTH OAK— A Fallacy of Epic …show more content…
The lack of shade from the trees in a clearcut can cause the water table to evaporate faster during a drought (Dube, 1995). The depth of the water table must always be considered before clearcutting. If you harvest a tract of timber using a clearcut you can assure that the water table is going to rise, just how much that water table rises is the issue. If the once bottom land hardwood site becomes a swamp with 6-12 inches of water in it, management becomes an issue (Dube, 1995). Fertilizer and chemicals such as herbicides can be spread more rapidly in a wetland (Toliver, 1989). This could become a hazard if a herbicide application is applied, some trees which are non-targets may be
These are very difficult questions for me personally to answer because I live in the Pacific Northwest, and I have seen the beauty of the old growth forests first-hand.
Woop woop! Is the common sound heard in Beecher Terrace (housing apartments). There are 2.3 million people locked up in the United States. Kentucky spends about fifteen billion dollars per year incarcerating individuals from Beecher Terrace. Since the 1970’s the number of people locked up in the United States has grown from 300,000 to 2.3 million. Kentucky has been the center of this prison expansion. Charles McDuffie, Christel, Demetria, and Keith Huff all have something in common. Each of these individuals are repeat offenders, grew up or lived in Beech Terrace, and have some type of mental issue.
Management of a 40 Acre Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Stand in Southern Michigan for Sustained Production of Sawtimber
Plants make up most of the Pine Barrens. For instance, pine trees such as the short needles, pitch pines, jack pines, long needles, yellow pines, and many others make up most of the pine forest in the Pinelands. Other trees include the pine oaks and the cedar trees. Due to the roots of these cedar trees, water in the Pine Barrens appears a brownish red color. This
The area extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. “The terrain is rolling with lower, wetter bottomlands that grow hardwood trees such as elm, mesquite and ash. This region is home to a variety of plants and animals that like woodlands and shorelines.” (Texas Parks and wildlife, n.d.) The major rivers in this area are the Sabine, Cypress, Sulpher, and Red. The major aquifer is the Carrizo-Wilcox. And the land area of the Pineywoods is 23,500 square miles. “Regional average rainfall for the area is 40-52 in./yr. and the reagional average net evaporation rate is 16-32 inches.” (Texas Parks and wildlife, n.d.) “The average temperature in the Pineywood’s region can range beteween 36(F) in the winter to upwards of 94(F0 in the summer.” (unknown,
The American chestnut was not only an important food source for almost all living organisms of the Eastern, North America, but it was very important in providing housing and furniture and numerous other wooden necessities. The tree possessed rot resistant properties and strait grained wood which were valuable in buildings and many other applications. Its enormous trunk rose one-hundred feet into the canopy of the forest. Diameters of five feet have been recorded and many photos of the tree show greater trunk girths. The tree was able to produce its eatable fruit within seven years of germination. It was said to be truly treasured by early Americans.
(Kumar et al., 2008a). Globally, 1.3 1010 metric tons of wood is produced by terrestrial
White-Tailed deer are a crowd favorite for hunting in Missouri. It is important they keep the forests that the deer live in healthy so that the deer can thrive in them. There are different ways to improve the environment for deer. One of those ways is through thinning of the forest habitat. These means reducing the number of trees in the forest so that sun light can reach the bottom of the forest. This will stimulate diverse plants to grow. Diversity in plants will attract more deer to live there. Besides forest thinning there is also prescribed burning. This is a low-intensity fire that only does a little bit of damage to larger trees. This fire must be maintained and is laid out by natural resource professionals. Many forest landowners today
The prime deer habitat consists of deciduous trees, primarily cottonwood, ash, willow, elm and box elder. However preferred, the woodland cover is not essential to the deer’s survival.
Many old-growth forests across the landscape of northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan contain a mixture of tree species rather than a monoculture. Many researchers have put forward ideas to explain the competition and co-existence of tree species in such communities. A theory explaining competition and co-existence between two species is gap regeneration. Gap regeneration is when a gap is created upon death of a plant individual and a new individual, sometimes of the same species as died and sometimes not dependent on environmental heterogeneity, takes its place (Kenneth Lertzman). Canopy gaps during gap regeneration can be explained by either reciprocal replacement or habitat preference . In a reciprocal replacement, seedlings of one species would be found predominately under large trees ...
The heavy rains (150 inches a year) are famous in the Pacific Northwest and have created a lush, mossy and primeval-looking forest of enormous trees. Generally on the western side of the park, there are several ways to ...
In the last decade, from the Rockies to New England and the Deep South, rural and suburban areas have been beset by white-tailed deer gnawing shrubbery and crops, spreading disease and causing hundreds of thousands of auto wrecks. But the deer problem has proved even more profound, biologists say. Fast-multiplying herds are altering the ecology of forests, stripping them of native vegetation and eliminating niches for other wildlife. ' 'I don 't want to paint deer as Eastern devils, ' ' said Dr. McShea, a wildlife biologist associated with the National Zoo in Washington, ' 'but this is indicative of what happens when an ecosystem is out of whack. ' ' The damage is worse than anyone expected, he and other scientists say. Higher deer densities have affected growth, survival, and reproduction of many plant species which have aesthetic, economic or ecological value. In some cases, many species of trees have also been shown to have reduced growth as a result of high deer density (Environmental Benefits of Hunting, 1). Deer prefer certain plant species over others and frequently feed on economically valuable tree species. For example, they prefer oak and sugar maple seedlings, as well as acorns, over less palatable species like American Beech and striped maple. Thus, less marketable species are more likely to survive to maturity,
Four sites were sampled from the Priest River Experimental Forest in Idaho. Sample plot locations were specifically chosen to compare different areas. At each site, each group used a GPS to navigate to a specific destination for further observational studies. The elevation in meters was then recorded from the GPS. The range of the observational study was made within a circular plot with a radius of 18 meters and approximately 0.1 hectares. Two meter tapes were set perpendicular to one another so that the diameter of the circular plot extended to 36 meters. Within these plots, all trees that are over 10 cm in diameter are identified and measured. Calipers and DBH tapes were used to measure these diameters. A BAF 10 prism
Franklin, J. F., et al. (1981). In Ecological Characteristics of Old-Grow Douglas Fir Forest, (GTR PNW-118). Retrieved July 9, 2005, from USDA Forest Service Web Site: http://
Most people think they know a wetland when they see one, but the delineation of wetlands for the purpose of granting permits has proven enormously controversial. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an area is defined as a wetland when a combination of three technical criteria are met: Wetland hydrology (land that is saturated within 18 inches of the surface for more than seven days per year), Hydrophytic vegetation (a list of plants that will thrive in wet areas), and Hydric soil (mucky and peat-based soil). The continual destruction of these valuable lands is due mainly to farmers, oil and mining interests, and development groups (Russel, p.36). It is estimated that 30-40% of the original wetlands in the United States have been lost, and about 300-400,000 acres are destroyed each year (Hollis, p. 36). Recent concern has led to an increase in wetland restoration and creation to reduce the impacts of activities in or near wetlands, compensate for additional losses, and to restore or replace wetlands already degraded or destroyed (Nicholas, p. 39).