Data collection
Four sites were sampled from the Priest River Experimental Forest in Idaho. Sample plot locations were specifically chosen to compare different areas. At each site, each group used a GPS to navigate to a specific destination for further observational studies. The elevation in meters was then recorded from the GPS. The range of the observational study was made within a circular plot with a radius of 18 meters and approximately 0.1 hectares. Two meter tapes were set perpendicular to one another so that the diameter of the circular plot extended to 36 meters. Within these plots, all trees that are over 10 cm in diameter are identified and measured. Calipers and DBH tapes were used to measure these diameters. A BAF 10 prism
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This was done by imagining four dots in a grid and counting up how many dots were covered out of a total of 96. 1.04 was multiplied to each total of covered dots. An average of the densitometer counts in both transects were calculated to provide the percent canopy in that region. The percentage of the slope was measured with a clinometer. We were to face the downhill direction and record the number that corresponds to that specific slope. An aspect was then taken at that point, which would note for the direction of the slope. An additional 15 degrees was added to include any uncertainties. That value was then converted to randians and consined. The number of canopies was observed by starting from the forest floor, to the herbaceous layer, to the understory mid canopy layer, to the overstory canopy layer, and to the emergent layer, if there was any. From the data received from our particular sites, there were no emergents. The stem density was also measured by adding up all the trees observed in the circular plot and was multiplied by 10 to measure the stems per hectares. Basal area was calculated by converting the tree diameters into area (m2), which were all added and multiplied by 10. This was the same way Basal
Reproduction and passing on genetic and behavioral traits to an offspring is a common fundamental to all the species on this planet. When studying forest ecology, it is crucial to study the proportion of individuals surviving at each stage of their growth as the lives and mortality experienced in a species population describes a characteristic of the species in question. In the case of American beech and sugar maple, their attempt to produce seeds is analogous to entering lottery, where every seedling has a potential chance of becoming a canopy but only some will survive and reach the canopy size; thus, becoming the fit ‘winners’. Our information shows that together, based on size class distribution, both the species display a ‘winner takes all’ pattern, which supports our hypothesis. The results showed a greater count for seedlings and short saplings than for tall saplings, sub-canopies and canopies. This is evident for a Type III survivorship curve. In Type III curve all individuals initially having a very low chance of survival. However, once the individuals pass their threshold age and survive, they live an advanced age. Only some individuals out the mast seeding production mature to become fully fit canopy trees. On the other hand, our hypothesis of canopy trees representing the bulk of the biomass was supported as the basal areas decreased going from growth stages of canopy to seedlings. This is evidence that once the individuals survive the bottleneck where there is high mortality of young individuals (seedlings), who are then considered as ‘losers’, will allow for the other larger size class individuals to flourish. Here, having considerable amount of dbh (diameter at breast height) accounts for greater surfac...
To improve my procedure, there are plenty of different ways to do so now that I have an increased experience with working with a large selection of trees. A major flaw with my research is by having to record the different types of trees in the zone, mainly height. Therefore, having to examine trees that vary greatly from each other. By having trees that represented the whole zone, instead of part of a zone, it would give more accurate information. To achieve even more accurate information, looking at the largest leaf for each tree would give a better
Zielinski, E. (2012, April 25). The Northwest Forest Plan. Retrieved from U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT: http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/history/sidebars/ecosystems/Northwest_Forest_Plan.html
The plants growing among Montana’s peaks and valleys range from tall evergreen trees to grasses. The mountainous areas are covered with forests. However, at each level, from the mountaintops to the valleys, there are different, distinct collections of plant life. The mountainsides are largely covered with towering spruce, pine, cedar, and Douglas fir trees (Av2
...le would be more than that of American beech because sugar maple produce more seeds than American beech. Furthermore, we study whether the two species co-exist via reciprocal replacement, habitat preference or merely by chance. We believe that habitat preference may be the mechanism of coexistence here and therefore we hypothesize that there will be more American beech tree neighbors as they may represent the most biomass as per our third hypothesis. Thereafter, root sprouting is effective in American beech to give them a greater horizontal growth than sugar maple. Hence, we hypothesize that sugar maple canopies will be less asymmetrical than American beech. Finally, because a nearby canopy may restrict a tree canopy growth in the same direction, we hypothesize that a tree will grow its respective canopy away from its neighboring canopy to receive maximum sunlight.
FAO: State of the World's Forests. Rome: Food and Agriculture Office of the United Nations; 2007. Print.
The class attended for my Participant Observation Assignment was a yoga class at the Recreation Center at State University. Such a class is for one session and is forty-five minutes in length. During this class, we covered beginning yoga moves at a slow pace so everyone felt comfortable. The nature of the class consisted of simple yoga moves, serine atmosphere, and relaxing music. Learning theories that were address, applied, and by the instructor wanted us to use were Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, and Observational Learning. The instructor also taught using the Direct Instruction Approach and wanted the students to use Lave’s Situated Learning Theory.
Franklin, J. F., et al. (1981). In Ecological Characteristics of Old-Grow Douglas Fir Forest, (GTR PNW-118). Retrieved July 9, 2005, from USDA Forest Service Web Site: http://
Identify articles (published since 2010) with an observational design (due 3/29). Article must have a “nutrition” variable as the independent variable and “health” as a dependent variable.
Nigh, Gordon D., Ying, Cheng C. & Qian, Hong. (2004, October). Climate and Productivity of Major Conifer Species in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Forest Science 50(5), 659.
The Western forests are drastically different from what they were like before the European settlement. In pre-European time, the forests were open and park-like with only 25-35 trees per acre surrounded by areas of open grasslands. One could easily ride a horse through the spacious forest. This, however, is not possible in today's forests. Today, for example the Ponderosa pine forests, have over 500 trees per acre, creating thick dense areas of trees, brush, and bushes (President Bush, 4). The pre-European forests were subject to frequent low inte...
The first lab consisted of pulling a wooden block with a spring scale at a steady rate across four different surfaces. The surfaces were wax paper, paper towel, fine sandpaper, and coarse sandpaper. We had to pull the block across each of these surfaces to determine how much force we need to defeat friction. When I pulled the block over the wax paper, it moved with a small amount of force. Paper towel was also in the low range of force. However, with the fine and coarse sandpaper, much more force was required to move the block along. Therefore, the surface that had the lowest amount of friction was the wax paper, and the surface that had the largest amount of friction was the coarse sandpaper.
An observational study was conducted with five subjects including myself, in order to understand the relation between the usage of old media and new media simultaneously. Old media is known as any source that entails the usage of television, books, newspaper, and radio among several other examples. New media on the other hand, is related to the use of cellphones, computers with access to social networks, and it is an evolving word along with the technology involved with it. This observational study was conducted in passive observation because not all subjects were approachable for permission and debriefing of the experiment. Therefore, this short paper will discuss the similarities, differences, and significance of the behaviours observed.
The study area consisted of Latah and Benewoh in Idaho, USA. The research used a total of 105 sites to collect data; ranking the areas from lowest to highest elevation. The methods implemented in this research consisted of wetland sampling, mail survey and habitat modelling. The combined results allowed for better insight for the conservation of these species. The first section of the experiment consist...
“Healthy forests help absorb greenhouse gasses and carbon emissions that are caused by human civilization and contribute to global climate change. Without trees, more carbon and greenhouse gasses enter the...