Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Pharmaceutical ethical issues
Pharmaceuticals ethical decision making
Ethics in pharmaceutical field
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Medical Ethics in Drug Trials Thousands of people voluntarily enroll in clinical drug trials every year. They are putting their health and safety at risk by participating in a drug trial. One would think they would be doing this to promote medical advancement, but in all actuality, it is for the high dollar amounts they receive for compensation. People that frequently enroll in drug trials are often called “guinea pigs.” The monetary amount people are paid can go as high seventy-five hundred dollars. The more invasive the procedure is the higher the compensation. These “Guinea pigs” are required to pay taxes on the money they do make. (Elliott, 2008) Reasons for Drug Trials Clinical trials are designed to test the safety and efficiency of potential interventions in humans. Trials of treatments, prevention modalities, medical devices, and other interventions are the fastest, safest, and best way to determine the failure or success of the product being tested. Treatment trials are experimental treatments. They test new drugs, new combinations of drugs; as well as, approaches to surgery and/or radiation therapy. This is the fastest way to discover the possible therapeutic options. Prevention trials test medicines, vaccines, vitamins, or lifestyle changes. History of drug Trials The largest drug-testing site, a 675-bed motel in Miami-Dade County, Florida was demolished in 2006. The participants were undocumented immigrants who were paid minute amounts as compensation. Conditions at the site were deplorable and the living conditions were repulsive. The paint was peeling from the ceilings and half a dozen, or more, individuals were forced to endure their trials in one room. Lisa Krinsky, a Miami native, the medical director wh... ... middle of paper ... ...://www.forbes.com/2009/05/10/pharmaceuticals-drugs-patents-business-healthcare-drug-patents.html Keller, A. (2007, March 1). Aftermath of a Drug-Testing Firm. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://floridatrend.com/print_article.asp?aID=46147 Mamdani, B. (2008, July 5). Should trial subjects be unionised?. Retrieved March 4, 2010, from http://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/163ss138.html Roner, L. (2004, July 7). Drug companies accused of illegally not registering trials. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=2347 Roner, L. (2005, July 24). Drug trial disclosure – a placebo?. Retrieved March 3, 2010, from http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=3796 Roner, L. (2004, October 28). Will drug trial registries really make drugs safer?. Retrieved March 3, 2010, from http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=3058
... clinical trial comparing two treatments is in progress, and a physician has an opinion about which treatment is better. This duty creates a barrier to the enrollment of patients in randomized clinical trials.
Federal Trade Commission, 1979. Braithwalte, John. The. Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry? Boston, MS: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.
In the United States, the basis for ethical protection for human research subjects in clinical research trials are outlined by the Belmont Report developed in the late 1970’s. This document, published by the Nation Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, highlights three important basic principles that are to be considered when any clinical trial will involve human research subjects. They are; respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (Chadwick & Gunn, 2004)
In July 2001 Robert R. Courtney’s illegal and highly unethical behavior was brought to the attention of local authorities and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Courtney’s blatant disregard for the trust patients placed in him was evidenced by his daily violations of their rights and expectations while he supposedly provided quality healthcare service. By August 2001, following investigation, the FBI filed 20 federal charges against Courtney that carried a maximum prison sentence of 196 years (United Press International, 2002). $8 million of his assets which were estimated to be in excess of $10 million were frozen to be used as restitution for victims in the criminal case. Following a plea agreement Courtney’s prison sentence was pared down to 30 years and he and his company received a $15 million fine
"States Consider Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients." FoxNews.com - Breaking News | Latest News | Current News. 26 March 2009. Web. 31 January 2011
Lehman, Bruce. 2003. “The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System”. International Intellectual Property Institute. Pages 1-14.
Patient consent is the law. Even though the test can provide unsatisfactory results they cannot anticipate the way the drugs will affect the present. This could lead to one patient favoring one treatment over another. The problem that comes from specific informed consent cannot be addressed solely by demanding more rigorous standard for research (Truog et al. 1999).
Government factors into the equation of the argument. Critics of the drug industry say that there is not enough regulation, while supporters of the pharmaceutical companies argue that there is too much regulation and that that is one...
Therefore, he states he wants to “focus the paper on the arguments offered in support of the claim that these trials were unethical,” (302). The first criticism states,” injustice was done to the control group…second, the participants in the trial were coerced into participating…third, the countries in question were exploited,” (302). Against the first criticism, he argues that if the clinical trials were not conducted the participants would not have received proper treatment. For the second criticism, he states that coercion, “involves a threat to put someone below their baseline unless they cooperate with the demands of the person
trials of investigation medical products. The FDA also has to review and approve in a
Physician-assisted suicide refers to the physician acting indirectly in the death of the patient -- providing the means for death. The ethics of PAS is a continually debated topic. The range of arguments in support and opposition of PAS are vast. Justice, compassion, the moral irrelevance of the difference between killing and letting die, individual liberty are many arguments for PAS. The distinction between killing and letting die, sanctity of life, "do no harm" principle of medicine, and the potential for abuse are some of the arguments in favor of making PAS illegal. However, self-determination, and ultimately respect for autonomy are relied on heavily as principle arguments in the PAS issue.
Randomized Controlled Trials can be used to in several types of evaluations, including new therapies (i.e. Cognitive behavioral therapy versus emotionally focused therapy when treating couples), community interventions, and diagnostic techniques (O'Brien, 2013). The RCT study design randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups is the outcome variable being studied (O'Brien, 2013).
Shannon, Elaine. “The War on Drugs: A Losing Battle.” Time.com. Time Magazine, 3 Dec. 2010. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
Wolf, M. (2011, June 4). We should declare an end to our disastrous war on drugs. Financial Times. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.consortiumlibrary.org/docview/870200965?accountid=14473
Clinical trial is biomedical or health related research studies in human being that follow a pre-defined protocol. Research is an activity designed to test a hypothesis that helps in concluding and developing knowledge. It is a protocol that has an objectives and procedures to reach those objectives (1). There are two types of clinical studies. One is interventional studies in which the research subjects are assigned by the investigator to a treatment or other intervention, and their outcomes are measured. Second is an observational study in which individuals are observed and their outcomes are measured by the investigators.