Epidemiological Determinants
The Measles starts with a fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It is then followed by a rash that spreads over the body, starting first on the face along the hairline. The infectious period of measles is 4 days before rash onset through 4 days after rash onset. The measles are a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus and spreads through the air through coughing and sneezing. (WHO, 2016). The measles virus can remain airborne for up to an hour after the infected person has left the area. The measles are so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of the unvaccinated people close to them will become infected. Rarely can the virus be deadly. The incubation period for
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Among the 34 secondary cases, 26 were household or close contacts, and eight were exposed in a community setting. Five of the California patients reported being in one or both of the two Disney theme parks during their exposure period outside of December 17–20, but their source of infection is unknown. In addition, 15 cases linked to the two Disney theme parks have been reported in seven other states: Arizona (seven), Colorado (one), Nebraska (one), Oregon (one), Utah (three), and Washington (two), as well as linked cases reported in two neighboring countries, Mexico (one) and Canada (10).” (Measles Outbreak, 2016). In California, 45% of the patients were unvaccinated, while 5% had one dose of the measles-containing vaccine, 6% had two doses, one had three doses, 43% had unknown or undocumented vaccination status. (Who Outbreak, 2016). Pointing out that almost half of the cases are in unvaccinated patients making it important that all received the measles vaccinations. Specimens from 30 California patients were genotyped; all were measles genotype B3, which has caused a large outbreak recently in the Philippines, but has also been detected in at least …show more content…
At this point the Fort Wayne Health Department would be contacted and updated as a potential measles outbreak. The directions are on the Indiana Health Department website, immediately report them to your local health department or the ISDH Vaccine-Preventable Epidemiologist, Mugdha Golwalkar, at mgolwalkar@isdh.in.gov or at 317-233-7112. For after-hours calls, please contact the ISDH Duty Officer at 317-233-1325. (Measles 2/10/15). For example, Fort Wayne having a large Burmese population there could be a potential for a measles outbreak. Since measles are spread through close contact with an infected individual and the Burmese are a close tight knit community. Therefore, the foreign born unvaccinated population would be at higher risk of contacting the measles. With a reluctance to seek medical health this virus would spread quickly with a 90% infection rate of unvaccinated individuals. In addition, the initial onset of the illness can be mistaken for another illness infecting more individuals before one receives treatment. Furthermore, the incubation period is 4 days before the rash and 4 days after the rash it allows the virus to be highly contagious. Consequently, schools, public transportation, and common public places like the library would be
second event was the epidemic of rubella measles that occurred in the United States. This
Wallace, J.M. ( 2014 May 19 )Measles, Mumps Outbreaks put Ohio at center of nationwide surge of vaccine preventable illnesses ;Cleveland Plain Dealer; retrieved from www.cleveland .com/health fit
This can be seen in the article Vaccine Controversies by Jane Lemons. “Public health officials say refusing to follow vaccine protocols allows diseases to spread rapidly as happened in December 2014 when a measles outbreak began at Disney Land and spread to seven states.” The measles outbreak from 2014 could have easily been avoided if all children who entered the park were indeed vaccinated. If the majority of children were vaccinated there would have been no possible way for the disease to spread. While it can't be denied, A lot of families do choose to vaccinate their children, there are still some who don't, this is seen in the article Vaccine Controversies by Jane Lemons. Although the vast majority of Americans continue to vaccinate their children, studies have found that as many as 1 in 10 parents are delaying or forgoing some or a; recommended vaccines for their children. Because some parents are delaying or forgoing all vaccinations more children are at risk of going under the influence of a fatal disease that could cut their lives too short. Fatal diseases have the ability to spread at unthinkable rates and vaccinations are used to combat these deadly diseases but if families refuse to vaccinate their children once fatal diseases could return at epidemic
For example, in China, the measles vaccine consisting of two doses was first introduced in the National Expanded Program on Immunization. The Zhejiang provincial EPI program noticed that measles was beginning to decrease due to the vaccine, while mumps and rubella was still spreading. This is when the MMR vaccine was introduced and implemented. By 2007 the second dose of MV was replaced by the MMR vaccine. Following this development the rate of measles reached a historical low in 2011 due to the vaccine produced by the EPI. Not only did the cases of measles decrease but so did the cases of rubella with the introduction of the combined vaccine (He, n.p.). Additionally, a record 9,120 cases of pertussis were reported in California in 2010 the most since 1947. A study conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics was done to determine how this disease was spreading. Their results showed that among other factors the large amount of unvaccinated children in one area was a major contributor to the clusters of pertussis. There was a strong correlation between communities with a large number of unvaccinated children and pertussis outbreaks in California. This could have been avoided due to the fact that pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease. The importance of vaccines can be seen through the results of this study, which show that parents intentionally avoiding the
After a few days after developing a rash, it may change into small lumps all over the body. These symptoms may come just after a week of being infected. "The first symptoms may appear 12 to 14 days after you're infected." A rash will appear in the mouth and throat in the first few days, it will then spread to the face and arms and finally, the legs. The rashes will grow bigger as days go by, eventually transforming into large bumps filled with puss and fluid. Then these bumps are replaced with blisters, which will drop off and that indicates that the person has become infected and can possibly spread the disease.
The film I Am Legend depicts the introduction and the aftermath of a genetically modified strain of measles, given to cancer-ridden individuals, in hopes of a cure. Although, it takes a turn for the worse when only 10% of the world’s population remains alive after three years and a lone virologist is left to cure this disease. This paper discusses the shortcomings, as well as plausible facts surrounding the virological processes behind the film. While there is a strong actuality of the cure for cancer being derived from a genetically modified strain of the measles virus, the other virological components behind the film I Am Legend are not factual in their entirety, because they do not take into consideration the actual process of acquiring
The Measles, Mumps ad Rubella (MMR) Vaccine was introduced as part of a vaccination programme in 1988, to vaccinate against three viruses, Morbillivirus measles virus, Rubulavirus (Mumps), and Rubivirus (Rubella), which caused three diseases which were commonplace in society before the start of the vaccination programme, and could often have fatal consequences. In this essay I intend to explore the controversy and risks associated with this vaccination and its components.
Vaccination protects children’s lives from fatal illness and complications of preventable disease, which could include amputation of body parts, paralysis, brain damage, and death. The scientists are constantly conducting research for a vaccine before it can be approved by the FDA. In addition, the research conducted by the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention demonstrated the vaccines’ effectiveness. Likewise, immunization of children protects society by preventing the spread of disease. If infected children are not immunized, they could spread disease to other young children, who cannot be vaccinated. The cases for several infectious disease have dramatically decline in the United States. However, numerous disease are still common in other countries and are brought to the United States by international travelers. As a result, there should be a national law for mandatory vaccinations of
The article I read informs readers why Germany, Europe, Canada, Australia, and the United States governments are now creating and enforcing policies to have children vaccinated. In Germany, in the month of July, a policy went into effect that now requires parents and guardians to abide by showing proof of vaccination counseling to their child’s school before enrolling children in kindergarten. This policy enforces schools to contact government agencies for any parent who is unaccounted for showing proof of vaccination by a doctor for their child. The article then explains that Germany enforced this policy due to 634 reported cases of measles (“ a viral disease that can lead to complications, including pneumonia and encephalitis”) in May
... Organization/United Nations Children's Fund. (2006). WHO/UNICEF joint statement global plan for reducing measles mortality 2006-2010. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_IVB_05_11_eng.pdf
Usually a person doesn’t start to get symptoms of measles until they have been infected with the virus for 7-11 days. The symptoms are:
Measles is a highly contagious disease. It is caused by an RNA virus that changes constantly. Measles symptoms usually include a bad cough, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and a very high fever. Red patches with white grain like centers appear along the gum line in the mouth two to four days after the first symptoms show. These patches are called Koplik spots because Henry Koplick first noticed them in 1896. The Spots are important to diagnose measles. A characteristic red rash in measles is red spots starting at the hairline and going down to the face, body, and limbs.
Due to the rise of this controversy, the government wants to intervene in order to provide safety from this disease to all the American people. Even though the measles may be at bay for now, some fear for the future cases in which the disease may mutate into a stronger one. This panic has caused “State Sen. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, recently proposed Senate Bill 277 to eliminate this exemption, which was created to allow people to opt out of vaccination for religious reasons” (Nordrum). However he withdrew his proposal after opponents had criticized that this bill could “force the state’s many unvaccinated children to either be immediately vaccinated or leave the public school system” (Nordrum). Not only has an attempt by a Senator has been
Measles is a disease that causes the child a lot of pain. It is commonly accompanied by a painful itchy rash and fever. At one point in history measles was a very common disease. Now it is rare for a child to get the measles. The decline in the disease has been attributed to vaccinations and their high success rate. According to ‘Childhood Vaccinations are Important for Public Health”, “by vaccinating we will make sure these 14 diseases will not become everyday events for our children...”. There are quite a few reasons why parents do not vaccinate their children. Some believe that it will cause harm to their children because of rumors. Vaccinations are not as dangerous as people make them seem, but not getting vaccinated is. Frances Childs states that “as the number of children who have not been immunized increases, so, too, does the likelihood of measles spreading”. Immunizations work by injecting a small amount of the virus into the patient (both children and adults). The patient’s immune system then builds up antibodies to fight against the virus, thus building immunity against the diseases much more effectively. Vaccinations have a 90-100 percent chance of success. With this high rate of protection, why not get children
Measles can be transmitted in many different ways, and is very contagious due to the amount of time that it can stay present in one place. The virus can remain active and contagious in the air for over 2 hours after someone infected passes by or maybe even coughs in a room. When measles infects a surface or an object, the virus stays on that object for over 4 hours. Infected surfaces is the number one way of spreading the disease from person to person. Most people believe that disinfecting a surface will protect them fully from getting that particular disease. But, what they do not know is most store bought disinfectors only kill about 90% of the bacteria present on a surface. That said, they are still dealing with 10% of the diseases and virus’s on their surfaces. It can be very hard to get rid of. Measles can be a very serious disease if not vaccinated correctly. In the most severe cases, measles has caused blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhea, dehydration, ear infections, and pneumonia. Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children. There is an inexpensive vaccine available to the public to ensure their child's