Epidemiological Determinants
The Measles starts with a fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and sore throat. It is then followed by a rash that spreads over the body, starting first on the face along the hairline. The infectious period of measles is 4 days before rash onset through 4 days after rash onset. The measles are a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus and spreads through the air through coughing and sneezing. (WHO, 2016). The measles virus can remain airborne for up to an hour after the infected person has left the area. The measles are so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of the unvaccinated people close to them will become infected. Rarely can the virus be deadly. The incubation period for
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Among the 34 secondary cases, 26 were household or close contacts, and eight were exposed in a community setting. Five of the California patients reported being in one or both of the two Disney theme parks during their exposure period outside of December 17–20, but their source of infection is unknown. In addition, 15 cases linked to the two Disney theme parks have been reported in seven other states: Arizona (seven), Colorado (one), Nebraska (one), Oregon (one), Utah (three), and Washington (two), as well as linked cases reported in two neighboring countries, Mexico (one) and Canada (10).” (Measles Outbreak, 2016). In California, 45% of the patients were unvaccinated, while 5% had one dose of the measles-containing vaccine, 6% had two doses, one had three doses, 43% had unknown or undocumented vaccination status. (Who Outbreak, 2016). Pointing out that almost half of the cases are in unvaccinated patients making it important that all received the measles vaccinations. Specimens from 30 California patients were genotyped; all were measles genotype B3, which has caused a large outbreak recently in the Philippines, but has also been detected in at least …show more content…
At this point the Fort Wayne Health Department would be contacted and updated as a potential measles outbreak. The directions are on the Indiana Health Department website, immediately report them to your local health department or the ISDH Vaccine-Preventable Epidemiologist, Mugdha Golwalkar, at mgolwalkar@isdh.in.gov or at 317-233-7112. For after-hours calls, please contact the ISDH Duty Officer at 317-233-1325. (Measles 2/10/15). For example, Fort Wayne having a large Burmese population there could be a potential for a measles outbreak. Since measles are spread through close contact with an infected individual and the Burmese are a close tight knit community. Therefore, the foreign born unvaccinated population would be at higher risk of contacting the measles. With a reluctance to seek medical health this virus would spread quickly with a 90% infection rate of unvaccinated individuals. In addition, the initial onset of the illness can be mistaken for another illness infecting more individuals before one receives treatment. Furthermore, the incubation period is 4 days before the rash and 4 days after the rash it allows the virus to be highly contagious. Consequently, schools, public transportation, and common public places like the library would be
After an incubation period of five to ten days, or as long as 21 days, numerous symptoms can be observed. The symptoms come in two stages. The first stage consists of common cold symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. It is during this time that the disease is most contagious, and it lasts from one to two weeks.
second event was the epidemic of rubella measles that occurred in the United States. This
Wallace, J.M. ( 2014 May 19 )Measles, Mumps Outbreaks put Ohio at center of nationwide surge of vaccine preventable illnesses ;Cleveland Plain Dealer; retrieved from www.cleveland .com/health fit
“Vaccinations are causing a major upsurge in childhood diseases, adult maladies, and even deadly ailments such as Gulf War Syndrome and Lou Gehrig’s disease” (Blaylock). Every now and then an individual’s doctor calls telling them about the latest vaccine they should receive. The person immediately schedules a time to come in and get it done. But do they even give a second thought about it? Have they ever thought that maybe they do not need another vaccination? Many people have not taken the time to seriously think about the process of immunization. The truth is, there are many dangers that the average person should be unaware of. Rarely do vaccines actually accomplish what the public has been told. In fact, a lot of vaccines contain harmful substances that have been linked to disorders such as autism. The lack of education and dishonesty from doctors are putting people in danger of health problems without even realizing. Many parents feel obligated for their children to get vaccinated because of school, not knowing they have the alternative option of refusing immunization.
Mumps is a paramyxovirus that is closely related to the parainfluenza virus. Its symptoms were first described in the 5th century BC, and it was a very common childhood affliction until the last several decades. It was identified as a virus in 1934, and an effective vaccine was developed in 1967. Mumps is acquired by aerosol, necessitating close human interaction for spread. Human beings are the only known reservoir for mumps virus, and there is only one serotype.
After a few days after developing a rash, it may change into small lumps all over the body. These symptoms may come just after a week of being infected. "The first symptoms may appear 12 to 14 days after you're infected." A rash will appear in the mouth and throat in the first few days, it will then spread to the face and arms and finally, the legs. The rashes will grow bigger as days go by, eventually transforming into large bumps filled with puss and fluid. Then these bumps are replaced with blisters, which will drop off and that indicates that the person has become infected and can possibly spread the disease.
The film I Am Legend depicts the introduction and the aftermath of a genetically modified strain of measles, given to cancer-ridden individuals, in hopes of a cure. Although, it takes a turn for the worse when only 10% of the world’s population remains alive after three years and a lone virologist is left to cure this disease. This paper discusses the shortcomings, as well as plausible facts surrounding the virological processes behind the film. While there is a strong actuality of the cure for cancer being derived from a genetically modified strain of the measles virus, the other virological components behind the film I Am Legend are not factual in their entirety, because they do not take into consideration the actual process of acquiring
Both diseases can be spread by airborne means. Measles is spread via the nasal and throat secretions, such as coughing and sneezing, as the virus remains active in the air after secretion (Sabella 2010). Similarly, individuals can be infected by varicella-zoster virus through inhaling the particles of secretion from the infected person. Yet, another primary transmission mode of varicella-zoster virus is by direct contact with the fluid from the infected blisters (Weaver
For my outbreak paper, I wanted to choose an existing disease that was extremely deadly and find possible scenarios of this disease’s transmission to the US. The disease I chose is called Marburg disease. I chose this disease because of its similarities to Ebola, which is also a very known deadly disease. Marburg has a high mortality rate, and fast progression form being healthy to being on your death bed. To create an outbreak for Marburg we need to understand the epidemiology of the disease including where it is from, how it moves, and if there are any treatments to prevent this disease. Unfortunately, Marburg was discovered accidently by trying to find a vaccine for polio.
Measles is a highly contagious disease. It is caused by an RNA virus that changes constantly. Measles symptoms usually include a bad cough, sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, sensitivity to light, and a very high fever. Red patches with white grain like centers appear along the gum line in the mouth two to four days after the first symptoms show. These patches are called Koplik spots because Henry Koplick first noticed them in 1896. The Spots are important to diagnose measles. A characteristic red rash in measles is red spots starting at the hairline and going down to the face, body, and limbs.
Vaccinations are not as dangerous as people make them seem, but not getting vaccinated is. Frances Childs states that “as the number of children who have not been immunized increases, so, too, does the likelihood of measles spreading”. Immunizations work by injecting a small amount of the virus into the patient (both children and adults). The patient’s immune system then builds up antibodies to fight against the virus, thus building immunity against the disease much more effectively. Vaccinations have a 90-100 percent chance of success.
However the source of the initial exposure in the Disney theme park has not been identified, but specimen from 30 California patients were genotyped. All of the specimens were measles genotype B3, which the CDC reports in identical to the virus type that caused a large measles outbreak in the Philippines in 2014 (Zipprich, 2015). The outbreak in the Philippines affected 20,000 people and caused 69 deaths (Bernstein, 2014). Measles genotype B3 was also detected in at least 14 countries and six U.S. states (Zipprich,
In fact, the United States has seen more cases of measles and whooping cough over the past few years. Since 2012 there’s been between 10,000 and 50,000 cases of whooping cough each year in the U.S and about 10 to 20 babies, many of which were too young to be fully vaccinated, died each year. In fact it is often much harder to get an exemption form than it is to just vaccinate. It’s extremely important to get fully vaccinated, because not only does it help you but it also helps all of the people around you stay healthy and
Those who choose not to vaccinate their children are endangering the health of those unable to be vaccinated themselves, such as infants, pregnant people, and the immunocompromised, by jeopardizing community immunity. According to vaccine.gov, a federal government website managed by the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, community immunity or “herd immunity” occurs when “a critical portion of the community is immunized against a contagious disease, most members of the community are protected against that disease because there is little opportunity for an outbreak” (Community Immunity). An infographic featured in an NPR article entitled “How Vaccine Fears Fueled the Resurgence of Preventable Diseases” illustrated the rise in measles cases in Western Europe and of pertussis (whooping cough) cases in the U.S (Doucleff). In the first eight months of 2014, there were eighteen measles outbreaks, and six hundred cases of measles.
Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 11 Oct. 2006. Web. 03 June 2017.