Marie Jahoda (26 January, 1907 – 28 April, 2001)
Marie Jahoda explained that abnormal behaviours are simply not 'normal' by Jahoda's definition of deviation from ideal mental health. Jahoda stated that normality is a state of mental health, so therefore, abnormal behaviour is if a person has maladaptive mental health. Jahoda (Jahoda, 1958) defined six criteria by which mental health could be measured:
• Positive view of self. One must have feelings of self-worth.
• Self-actualisation. One must be the best they possibly can.
• Autonomy and independence. One must show independent behaviours and not rely upon others.
• Accurate perception of reality. One must not have a distorted view of how society operates.
• Integration. One must be able to
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One must change or adapt one's behaviour and control it depending on the situation.
According to Jahoda's approach, if these criteria are not met then you are deemed as abnormal.
Strengths: Jahoda's definition of abnormality can be applied to real life situation for example, the diagnosis of depression or stress related issues. (Positivementalhealthfoundation, 2010) Additionally, Jahoda's definition begins with a baseline of positive outlook this leads to having a positive approach towards the diagnoses.
Limitations: Reality is a concept of the mind, everyone perceives reality in different ways, therefore there is no one way to have an accurate view of it. Another limitation to Jahoda's definition is that the importance of the criteria varies by culture. Some cultures may not consider Jahoda's criteria as 'healthy standards', for instance, collectivist cultures may not want to meet autonomy or self-actualisation. (Biddle, 2016)
Dr. David L. Rosenhan (22 November, 1929 – 6 February, 2012) and Dr. Martin E. P. Seligman
In 1989 Rosenhan and Seligman proposed the idea of failure to function adequately (Rosenhan, 1989), they proposed seven signs that can be used to determine when someone may not be
is crucial to know how to live with others and how society, itself, works. It
Mental health is not the mere absence of illness but it is the sense of harmony and balance for the individual. Aspects associated with the individual include self-worth, sense of accomplishment, and a positive identity (Fontaine, 2009), where as mental illness is the disharmony someone is experiencing. This disharmony affects not only the individual but their friends and family as well as the surrounding community. This disharmony causes the person to be unable to function properly in many aspects of their life (Fontaine, 2009). Disco Di started to display signs of mental illness from the young age of 12. Her behaviours may have been triggered by a traumatic event and have been interfering with her life ever since. I agree with the diagnosis that Disco Di was given which was an Axis I diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Axis II diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This paper is going to explain why I agree with these diagnoses as well as genetic and cultural factors and treatment method for them.
Is acceptance of mental illness the key to living a more fulfilled life? I first became interested in bipolar or, manic-depression a few years ago when somebody close to me was diagnosed with it. I wanted to understand it better, but found that the jargon and detached observations of psychiatric theory and practice that you can find on the internet didn’t really help me to understand what people actually go through. Kay Redfield Jamison’s ‘An Unquiet Mind’ manages to cut through all that to create a fiery, passionate, authentic account of the psychotic experience and introduce you to the facts of the illness without you even realizing it. Kay Jamison’s story is proof that mentally ill people, with help from medication, can live a wonderful life.
...to be more accepting towards others’ flaws, which will prevent these individuals from coping with their issues in a negative manner. Keeping an open-mind can reduce the possibility of violence within society preventing the individuals susceptible to violent outburst from doing so. This could be achieved by reducing the emphasis placed on conforming to an ideal that is seen in media. By showing society that not every person is the same, we can decrease the amount of people who feel neglected in society. Ultimately, if society were to reject the status quo, then there would be a significant decrease of violence in society by individuals subject to the detrimental degradation from those around them.
their knowledge of how the real world is supposed to be. In the real world, I live each and everyday to
This is to say how humans contribute to making a better society then proceeding to eventually direct the importance of individualism and how their contribution affects the clique,
...inferior cultures are always able to adapt and learn things from larger groups, in contact zone environments the larger groups are finally able to draw things from the smaller cultures as well, and thus transculturation becomes a two-way street. Only when people are made aware of the marginal diversity that surrounds them in everyday life are they able to gain a wider understanding and deeper knowledge of the world around them. They are then able to apply that knowledge to shape and benefit the way they interact with others and operate as a part of a society that is more open, leaving behind the mistake of imagined communities and applying inaccurate definitions to groups of people.
Mental health can be seen as a continuum where illnesses are defined as patterns of behaviour that cause psychological suffering, distress and disability preventing adequate functioning with the potential of risk of harm to the self or others (Martins-Mourao, 2010, p. 92).
“Principles are like a skeleton map of a country-you know whether you’re going east or north. ”(Ford, 154). Sometimes the idea of a perfect society neglects the austere reality of life. In order for a society to function properly, there should be minimal conflict between its majority members and its minority. A successful society is not static, but rather dynamic in its capability to accommodate the “outliers” and rising issues.
In society today, there is an extensive range of definitions of health and wellbeing which can be seen as both positive and negative. A Holistic view can also be identified and defined. These definitions of health have changed over time and will carry on changing within the future. According to where a family lives or their social class everyone will have different meanings and views of health and wellbeing. This may be due to what one person perceives as being healthy as another person may not. Channel 4 learning (no date) describes that a positive view of health can be seen as when a person is more likely to achieve and sustain physical fitness from exercising and are mentally stable. Therefor a negative view can be described when a person is free from illness, disease, mental distress or anything which may be a symptom of not having good health. The holistic view of health sees the person as a whole instead of just directing at one area and therefore combines physical, social, intellectual and emotional factors together. Consequently, if a person has emotional difficulties such as how they interact with other people or how they may feel but are physically fit and free from illness does not mean that they are healthy overall as one factor has difficulties. It is also vital to consider the two main theoretical concepts known as the medical and social model of health. Polity books (no date) describes that the medical model views health in terms of disease, diagnosis and then treatment and very much views a body to be separate from psychological processes. Causes of ill-health within the body are seen to require expert interference from a doctor to provide treatment to prevent or kill of an illness within the body. The Social model...
This also requires the person to be socially and economically productive in order to be seen as healthy. According to Mildred Blaxter (1990), there are different ways of defining health. Furthermore, disease can be seen as the presence of an abnormality in part of the body or where there is a harmful physical change in the body such as broken bones. So, illness is the physical state of disease, that is to say, the symptoms that a person feels because of the disease. However, there is some limitation of these definitions which is not merely an absence of disease but a state of physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing.
To be considered normal or abnormal has been just a label society places on you to explain individuality. When we are younger, we were given a mixed message that being different and unique is acceptable, however growing up in a society that wants you to blend in and adhere to the norms and usual customs of that culture is difficult. Being dissimilar often leads you to be judged and considered deviant. What you perceive not only defines your idiosyncratic judgment, so does your culture, prejudices, upbringing and generation you belong to. In our modern day society a universal normal has not, nor ever will exist. We think, look and all act differently and the reality of it is, no one is normal.
...al to have an open mind to be able to gain insight toward learning new information and to gain new perspectives toward the other culture. Every group of people or country has their own issues that can impact its cultural beliefs, values, and attitudes. If a person has not had to face oppression, understanding how to relate to another person can be challenging. A person’s positions will impact his or her interests toward resolving issues. The expectations about others will affect everyday relationships. We all make mistakes, but minimizing conclusions and stereotypes will help to gain the trust of the other person.
We must have the correct mind-set. We believe our students can learn; have high expectations; are willing to give extra help; find ways to make
Understanding the relationship between self and society should base on both individual perspective and social perspective. Wright Mill gave