MDMA
Introduction
1. Brief History
A. Originally created in 1912 as MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine)
B. In 1970's interest in MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) for the Aid of Psychotherapy.
-Key Effects
a. empathetic understanding for others
b. large, uncontrolled release of emotions
C. When used Clinically, intended result was to have an affect on the Psychodynamic equilibrium ( helped to bring repressed material into "the walking consciousness")
D. Through the mid 1980's up to late 1990's recreational use became widespread.
E. In early 1980's MDMA was believed to be only toxic when used in bingefull patterns and not harmful when used in regulated doses. It was later believed to only be harmful when used in regulated doses because it never gave body a chance to recover.
2. Random Facts
A. 40% of MDMA pills sold as exctasy contain other drugs, such as Mescaline, Psilysoscybin, LSD, Heroin, Crank, and Coke.
B. Mainly ingested orally in the form of a pill but also snorted as a powder, occasionally smoked, and rarely injected.
3. Brain Imaging study conducted by NIDA
A. Equipment used to conduct these studies was Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
B. In the experiment, they chose 15 people all of relative age and education who had done MDMA recently and 15 who hadn't done MDMA.
C. PET images showed significant reductions in the number of serotonin transporters.
D. MDMA induced brain serotonin neurotoxicisity for the persistent memory problems present in MDMA users.
Basics
1. "Designer Drugs"
A. Description- still contains psychoactive properties of said drug , but molecular structure has been changed in order to avoid prosecution under the Controlled Substance Act.
B. MDMA is...
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...hick and thin fibers). With MDMA the nerve terminals wear out faster than naturally intended ultimately causing a multitude of mental illnesses.
2. Addiction
A. It is still being debated weather MDMA is and addictive drug or not. There is definitely a craving to do the drug again due to the lower serotonin levels, but does not physically create an addiction. To most, MDMA would be considered mentally addictive, but not physically.
Conclusion
1. MDMA is clearly a drug that can cause harm to the body. But since the FDA has regulated the amount of testing allowed to do on the drug, there is still a lot to be learned. Since the early 1980's, when the drug first became widespread, the research has come a long way. But in order to clearly have an understanding on how MDMA effects every aspect of the human body, there is a lot more research to be done.
According to Drugs, Society, and Criminal Justice, instrumental drug use is a person that utilizes a drug for specific reasons to take the drug other than reasons for getting high, with a socially approved goal in mind, and recreational drug use is when a person takes a drug to get high, with disregard to being socially approved (Levinthal, 2012). Furthermore, an instrumental drug use behavior has a legitimate end or goal, such as using caffeine to stay awake longer (Bethel, 2016). Contrarily, a recreational drug use behavior consists of the person taking the drug to merely feel the effects of it and is considered an end to itself, such as consuming alcohol to achieve a pleasurable feeling (Bethel, 2016).
Many of drugs have been created to have different experiences when at a rave. Ecstasy
Recently there have been advanced studies into the use of MDMA to help treat PTSD. MDMA is the purest form ...
Credibility material: Its intake results in adverse medical conditions that are further exalted by its addiction properties that ensure a continued intake of the substance. The drug can be abused through multiple means and is medically recorded to produce short-term joy, energy , and other effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. This ultimately results in numerous psychiatric and social problems; factors that played a major role in its illegalization after multiple and widespread cases of its effects were reported in the country during the 1900s. In addition to this, the drug results in immediate euphoric effect, a property which the National Institute of Drug Abuse (2010) attributes to be the root cause for its increased po...
Rationale and Variables: The Experiment that was conducted in class determined the affects of 'ecstasy' or MDMA on the participants' memory. In addition to testing for their ability to recall information it also looked at the number of false memory that were related to the actual word "slow" in the class study. In the experiment Dr. Earleywine used a list of words that were to be memorized, and recall in a given time. This study is related to another experiment conducted by A.C Parrott and J. Lasky. In their study they looked at the effects of "ecstasy" or MDMA on mood and cognition. They tested three groups: non- MDMA, novice-MDMA users, and regular MDMA users. They used different methods to test the three groups, included in the methods was word recall, which was also used in the class study by Dr. Earleywine. The result from that experiment showed that "ecstasy" or MDMA users did have memory problems. Another study was also conducted by A.C. Parrott, A. Leess, N.J Garnham M. Jones, and K. Wesnes, which was relate also to the other experiments. This experiment was conducted using three groups: non-MDMA, novice-MDMA and regular MDMA users. They used series of methods to conduct their study, and found their results similar to the earlier study. Analyzing the finding of the two studies, Dr. Earleywine decided to do a study with the mind set of making a connection between the rates of intrusions that participants who have used MDMA, compared with the rate of intrusions with participants, who did not use MDMA. The independent variables were the two groups MDMA users and non-MDMA users, and the dependent variables are the intrusions, and words recalled.
Second, the court must conclude that involuntary medication will significantly further those concomitant state interests. Third, the court must conclude that involuntary medication is necessary to further those interests. The court must find that any alternative, less intrusive treatments are unlikely to achieve substantially the same results. Fourth, as we have said, the court must conclude that administration of the drugs is medically appropriate, i.e., in the patient's best medical interest in light of his medical condition. The specific kinds of drugs at issue may matter here as elsewhere. Different kinds of antipsychotic drugs may produce different side effects and enjoy differen...
Brecher, Edward M. (1972) Licit and Illicit Drugs; The Consumers Union Report on narcotics, stimulants, depressants, inhalants, Hallucinogens, and marijuana- including caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. New York, 291-390
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When people hear the words drug addict, these words have negative connotations and stigmas attached to them. People visualize a person who does not care about anything, including family, work, or commitments, except for obtaining money to buy drugs to get high. However, there are many people who are drug addicts that maintain a normal, functioning life. Before we can examine why these people are addicted to drugs, one must first define the word addict.
Ecstasy is a street term for a range of drugs that are similar in structure to Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA. Ecstasy is similar in structure and affect to amphetamines and hallucinogens. Amphetamines, or “speed”, are stimulants that speed up activity in the nervous system. Hallucinogens, such as LSD, typically affect perception and can cause things to be seen or heard that don’t really exist, or things that are distorted. Ecstasy is illegal, and its ingredients are often hard to get. Therefore, manufactures my substitute a wide range of substances when making the drug. There is a chance that when you buy ecstasy it will contain little MDMA. Like other illegally manufactured drugs, such as speed, there are no controls of factors such as strength and hygiene of the drug. The increases the chances of a person overdosing, being poisoned or experience other adverse reactions after taking the drug.
The article MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Using Low Doses in a Small Sample of Women with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder details an experiment that explores the use and safety of the hallucinogenic drug MDMA as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The study focuses specifically on women who have been diagnosed with PTSD as a result of sexual assault. Although the researchers originally planned to do the experiment with a sample of 29 women, due to political reasons only 6 subjects were treated before the experiment was ultimately shut down and are included in the results.
Retrieved from http://www.ecstasy-effects.com/ecstasy-effects/ecstasy-pills/. Erowid MDMA Vault : Dosage. Erowid.com. Erowid. Web. The Web.
4. Cocaine is either snorted or dissolved in water and injected directly into the blood stream and Crack is smoked.
B. i ask that you should think about these precautions and take them into thought