Linguistics plays very important role in studying language. It includes a lot of theories which is among of them a theory of cohesion. This theory studies in written texts and recently in spoken language. It considers a property of texts and realized by various grammatical and lexical devices.
"Cohesion' is defined as the set of possibilities that exist in the language for making text hang together: the potential that the speaker or writer has at his disposal." (Haliday and Hassan, 1967, p 17)
Moreover "cohesion is the ability of hearers and readers to identify the relevant portion of text as referent, when they are faced with it, this or that in these uses. Clearly one of the factors that enable them to do this is the internal
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As for reiteration, it is divided into repetition, synonymy, antonomy, hyponymy, and metonymy (whole versus part). Repetition means repeat some words more than one in the text to make a text coherent. (Salkie, 1995, p16)
Synonymy is using some words which have the same meaning, and referring to the same person or idea. (Bloor, 2004, p123)As for hyponymy means some words are related to some categories or subordinate. So general words are always called subordinate, and specific words are called hyponymy. (Salkie, 1995, p28) "Hyponyms can themselves have hyponyms, depending on how elaborate the relevant area of vocabulary happens to be. A very elaborate area is the classification of living organisms. Starting with the most general words, we can go down the hierarchy of terms, getting more specific at each
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As for personal reference It contains personal pronoun's masculinity and femininity such as he, him she, they, etc. which refer to the same person. Demonstrative reference depends on determiners as these, this, those etc. and adverbs as in now, here, there, that, andcomparative reference which represents in adjectivesas in identical, other, same, more or there and better. Furthermore, it contains adverbial counter parts as identically, similarly, less and so on.
There are two types of a reference relation which are endophoric and exospheric reference, as for exophoric reference outside the text in the context of situation, and endophoric reference inside the text is our focus. Endoforic reference is divided into two types which are represented in cataphoric and anaphoric relation, whereas cataphoric looks forward to the referent in which pronoun or demonstrative appears first and the named expression the second, on the other hand anaphoric look backward to the referent in which the expression appears first and pronoun the second. (Bloor, 2004,
Structure is essential for both literary text and informative text. The informative text provides facts laid out in
First, a brief background in the three dimensions of language discussed throughout this paper. The functional, semantic, or thematic dimensions of language as previously mentioned are often used in parallel with each other. Due, to this fact it is important to be able to identify them as they take place and differentiate between these dimensions i...
In doing so you are building onto those concepts and values creating a stronger sense of understanding of Marine Corps values. Cohesion in simplified terms is a unification of equilibrium between unit members. In the long run, it 's strengthened over time, producing the installment of “individual morale, confidence in the unit’s combat capability, confidence in unit leaders, horizontal cohesion, and vertical cohesion. In combination, these dimensions dramatically affect the capabilities of a unit.” (MCRP 6-11 pg.5-3). There are many versions of cohesion, as this concept plays an important benefactor under the sense of belonging. Cohesion plays a big role in indicating to yourself, where in your unit or how in your unit you fit in “the big picture.” This concept is an essential tool to be included in all aspects of the various levels of
Hill, Jane H., P. J. Mistry, and Lyle Campbell. The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Berlin [etc.: Mouton De Gruyter, 1998. Print.
The definition this paper will use for cohesion is ‘forces acting on the members ...
reader creates “supplementary meaning” to the text by unconsciously setting up tension, also called binary opposition. Culler describes this process in his statement “The process of thematic interpretation requires us to move from facts towards values, so we can develop each thematic complex, retaining the opposition between them” (294). Though supplementary meaning created within the text can take many forms, within V...
From what I have discussed above, I assert that a phrase is not only composed by two subphrases sometimes. In addition, a group of subphrases form a higher hierarchical phrase should has the functional utilities. The functional utilities could be accorded with either the process of the development of the music, or echo of two portions. Last but not least, the composer through elaboration, rhythmic diminishing, and overlapping to form phrases to a higher hierarchical phrase.
Cerjak ,The English Journal, Vol. 76, No. 5 (Sep., 1987), pp. 55-57 Published by: National Council of Teachers of English
Donnellen (1966) criticized the Russell and Strawson’s view. He claimed that there are attributive and referential uses of definite description. The former is about attributively using definite description in an assertion which stating something about “A is B”. The latter is about speaker using the description to let the audience to know what is “A is B” about. Donnellen claimed that Russell focus on former and Strawson focus on latter.
Text linguistics is a “discipline which analyses the linguistic regularities and constitutive features of texts” (Bussmann, 1996: 1190). According to this definition, text linguistics is mainly concerned with studying the features that every piece of writing should have in order to be considered as a text. It is also defined by Noth (1977 in Al-Massri, 2013:33) as “the branch of linguistics in which the methods of linguistic analysis are extended to the level of text.” This means that text linguistics aims at producing rules and methods that can be used to analyze the whole text. This approach has been put forward by the two scholars Robert-Alain de Beaugrande and Wolfgang U. Dressler in their seminal book “Introduction to Text Linguistics”, in 1981. The study of texts in linguistic studies starts in
In her analysis, Mona Baker investigates all text equivalences: apart the object of this paper, she studies the grammatical equivalence, the textual equivalence and the pragmatic equivalence. However this paper will be centered only on the micro level.
Language, according to Owens (2012, p. 6), “can be defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols”. Language is thought to be a complex system; however, it can be broken down into three different components. These three components consist of content, form, and use. Within these three components, language has five main components which includes semantics, morphology, phonology, syntax, and pragmatics (Owens, 2012, p. 18).
The concept is complex and abstruse variable. According to the reading group cohesiveness is defined by making all the members to remain in group. The definition of catharsis has its limitations, but means to express feelings. Lastly, catharsis is defining as an interpersonal process.
The team from Nut Island had the potential to accomplish great things. They were a very cohesive team. Cohesiveness relates to the degree to which members are attracted to and motivated to remain part of that team. A cohesive group member values his or her membership and strives to maintain a positive relationship within the group. Every person working at Nut Island wanted to be there and would not let anything get in the way of their team.