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Epistemology of the theory of knowledge, especially concerning its methods, validity, and scope
Theories on knowledge
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Throughout history, many theories and perspectives have been around for years can be discarded after a better, more accurate theory is found making it more justifiable. A knowledge issue is raised on whether it is knowledge if it is discarded, as an American writer, Stephen Lawhead stated “Knowledge is a burden-once taken up, it can never be discarded.” As described in his statement, knowledge can't be discarded, which I agree with because if it is discarded in the first place, can one be certain that it was knowledge at all. Knowledge maybe forgotten, but it can’t be discarded because people will always be aware of it even if it is discarded by others as false. History is recorded based on the events happening at that time by the use of photographs, audio recording, notes and letters. People later may have different interpretations of the same single event and not all might be accepted as certain and true. As Rueben argued history doesn’t change, our interpretations do. This leads to the issue of it actually being knowledge in the first place with certainty because it was discarded later and determining which one is the right interpretation. History from the present can be viewed as interpreting the past, while relying on the aid of primary sources documented at the time to tell us the truth. The knowledge issue in this area of knowledge is determining which perspective of history is correct and whether history is fixed, if it is always being reconstructed with the passage of time as examined. The iron curtain illustrates this example because in 1949-1989 the Russian archives were inaccessible. Another area of knowledge that leads to changing, evolving and modify past theories is the natural sciences. As Kuhn once explained, “Sci...
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... would have significantly altered antiseptic measures today, and measures to prevent diseases from spreading. Sometimes even when a good paradigm shift takes place, the knowledge can be rejected because it goes against norms.
As one seeks to view history and the natural science with objectivity, it can be quite difficult with the numerous interpretations that lead to determining which one is certainly true. As the title stated the main knowledge issue raised is if it is knowledge at all if it’s discarded and if you can know with certainty it is knowledge. I argued that knowledge can't be discarded because it stays with a person like a burden even if it is wrong. Like the different perspectives in history and science, one can know all about them, it’s up to them to determine what is right, reconstruct and reinterpret it by looking at the evidence they deem important.
In the play Doubt, by John Patrick Shanly, Sister Aloysius is treating Father Flynn unfairly. Sister Aloysius is the principal of St. Nichols School, who is suspicious and always doubt everyone, especially Father Flynn. She thinks that Father Flynn is guilty, but has no proof. Sister Aloysius doesn’t like Father Flynn in the school and his ideas. She treats him unfairly. Sister Aloysius treats Father Flynn unfairly when she still accuses Father Flynn of giving the altar wine to Donald Muller after Father Flynn tells her the truth. She treats him unfairly by forcing him to request the transfer without proving if Father Flynn is guilty or not and also makes him resign by lying about his past.
“As a human being, one has been endowed with just enough intelligence to be able to see clearly how utterly inadequate that intelligence is when confronted with that exists” (Albert Einstein) Everyone is intelligent in many ways. People can also learn in many, many ways. An example is how musicians are smart in music and write the music in many ways. There are many ways unexpected people are intelligent and here are three ways that people can be intelligent.
Canada has been known as a peaceful country throughout the years. Its modest image has kept them from being attacked by terrorist. In Robert W. Murray and John McCoy article, “From Middle Power to Peace Builder: The Use of the Canadian Forces in Modern Canadian Foreign Policy,” it talks about how Canada wanted to be established as the peacekeeper between other international powers. Robert W. Murray and John McCoy discusses ideas about a Canadian foreign policy that was created to maintain a middle ground between large and minor powers. Canada did a lot to dedicate itself to ensuring its national security by faithfully participating within many international institutions. McCoy and Murray article discusses about the idea of Canada’s peacekeeping and being the middle man power, and how it was established during their involvement in Afghanistan. In the beginning of the article, it explains Canada’s transformation of foreign policy and how it went from being a middle power force to becoming an active force in the policy of peacebuilding.
Knowledge is defined as information and skills one acquires through experience or education. There is; however, a certain knowledge than cannot be certain and is unjustifiable from the scientific perspective. Karen Armstrong, Robert Thurman, and Azar Nafisi wrote about this type of knowledge in their essays: “Homo Religiosus,” “Wisdom,” and “Reading Lolita in Tehran,” respectively. Each of these authors has a different view of what knowledge is exactly, how it can be achieved, and what it means to have achieved it, but each author takes on the view that the concept of knowledge should be viewed from a social stance. Armstrong refers to this uncertain knowledge as “myth,” Thurman refers to it as “wisdom,” and Nafisi refers to it as “upsilamba";
The colonization of America began when many colonists and settlers from emigrated from Europe and began to settle into the North American colonies. Many came to the North American colonies to look for the opportunity of wealth by conquering and ruling land. Throughout the years, the transformation of the country changed drastically and experienced an era of remarkable growth. As the approach to the 18th century became closer, British America had developed a method of ruling and government in the North American Colonies and with time, America would want fight for their independence from the British. One key event that supported the move toward American Independence included the publication of an influential pamphlet, Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine. Common Sense highlighted the importance in conquering independence from Britain and gave colonists the devotion and self-fulfillment to keep fighting and achieving self-government.
Core knowledge is a psychological theory that proposes the idea that children have innate cognitive abilities that are the product of evolutionary mechanisms, called nativism. The theoretical approach of constructivism also includes that children have domain-specific learning mechanisms that efficiently collect additional information for those specific domains. The core knowledge theory is primarily focused on whether our cognitive abilities, or capacities, are palpable early on in development, or if these capacities come up during a later developmental phase (Siegler 168).
The methods that available in the production of knowledge are limited by the ethical judgments, but the definition of whether the method is ethical or not depends on a couple different things. The first one is the personal judgments. Each person would have different judgments for the same method. However, one personal based judgment cannot be universal. The second one is the social judgment. It is related to the personal judgment. When a personal opinion for a method is agreed by most of people in the society, this opinion would become a social judgment.
Our knowledge is a key to our success and happiness in our life to give us personal satisfaction. Knowledge is power but not always. Sometimes our self-awareness and growth as an individual gives us negative thoughts that make us want to go back to undo it. Everyone wants to unlearn a part in our life that brought us pain and problems. Good or bad experiences brought by true wisdom can be used for our self-acceptance, self-fulfillment and these experiences would make us stronger as we walk to the road of our so called “life”, but Douglas’s and my experience about knowledge confirmed his belief that “Knowledge is a curse”. Both of us felt frustrated and sad from learning knowledge.
Knowledge has always been a parameter through which human progress has been measured, Knowledge could be an aspect gained from a fact or a situation present. The production of knowledge relies on different ways of knowing, sense perception, emotion, reason and language. The production of knowledge differs from each human being leading to acquiring of personal knowledge and contributing to the shared knowledge. Society also plays a role in influencing the production of knowledge through various judgments that it passes on the manner in which knowledge is produced. Ethics is a set of principles which are morally right and are used to govern people’s actions and on the basis of that judgments are passed, rules made and norms are established. This leads us to the issue : to what extent does compromising ethical judgement lead to useful knowledge in natural science and arts.
Knowledge is something that can change day to day, which can be learned through both the natural and human sciences. Knowledge changes in the natural sciences when an experiment is conducted and more data has been gathered. Knowledge changes in human sciences when patterns are recognized in society and further tests have been conducted. Does our knowledge of things in the natural and human sciences change every day? I think that our knowledge grows everyday but does not necessarily change every day. The areas of knowledge that will be discussed in this essay are natural and human sciences. In History we can see that at one point something that was considered knowledge then transformed into different knowledge, especially in the natural sciences. However, in the past, due to lack of technology, it might have been more of a lack of knowledge that then turned into knowledge on the topic.
As Berger says, “the art of the past is being mystified because a privileged minority is striving to invent a history which can retrospectively justify the role of the ruling classes, and such a justification can no longer make sense in modern terms” (157). The upper class mystifies us to stay in control; without being able to see things in our own way, we are being deprived from our right to understanding ourselves and placing ourselves in a role of society.
Ignorance and knowledge are quite different factors in life, which one is a better mind set to have? Ignorance and knowledge are clearly different. To the public eye knowledge is better than ignorance, by under circumstances knowing things can be annoying to other people. Daniel Keyes had written a short story “Flowers for Algernon” this short story is a tale of a mentally challenged man named Charlie Gordon who had wanted to become smarter like the rest of his peers. His adult school teacher volunteers him for an experiment that might just do that for him. He is chosen for the operation and the operation is later done. It works at first but he later starts to revert to his old I.Q. In
4. “Without application in the real world, the value of knowledge is greatly diminished.” Consider this claim with respect to two areas of knowledge.
We gain knowledge in through our ways of knowing which are mainly perception, reason and language. We use them to find knowledge because we justify our claims and beliefs by their use, thus, our evidences, because they get us closer to the truth. To accept something as knowledge, it must be considered true, one must believe it and there must be justification why the person knows it, therefore these ways of knowing aid in the process for our quest for knowledge. In conclusion, in order to obtain knowledge all of these three attributes have to be integrated in some type of way, and due to the changing nature of all three of them, knowledge is always changing and it is dynamic, leading to the fact that knowledge can be discarded. The questions b...
...out it, we would not have made as medical advances as we have, and we would not be capable of saving thousands of lives each day.