Summary In the transition period from propeller aircraft to jet aircraft, manufactures faced numerous problems and challenges during the design and test period. New technologies and test criteria were used. Using new kinds of wings and high lift devices were one of the solutions they came up with. Utilizing new materials made high speeds possible. The jet airplane allowed more passengers to be transferred efficiently and safely making flying in reach of the general public.
Problem
By the end of WWII in 1945 the jet engine had become a suitable alternative for the piston engine. The new engine required a complete redesign of an aircraft. The transition to high performance aircrafts created a large number of challenges that needed to be dealt with in order to succeed. Knowledge of the old piston aircraft was
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By sweeping the angle it delays the effects of compressibility and thereby increasing the critical Mach number. Critical Mach number is described as the first point on a wing where Mach 1.0 is reached. It also reduces wave drag, which is a strong drag that occurs at higher Mach speeds.
S2: By making the wing thinner wave drag could also be reduced. The thinner airfoil gets lower flow speeds as the thicker airfoil. This enables the aircraft to fly at higher speeds before the critical Mach number is achieved. This was specifically used with military jet aircrafts. Down side is that the wing can carry less fuel. However, fuel load is less important than the maximum speed achievable for these types of aircraft.
Problem #2 Now a sleek high speed wing was designed. However landings were normally done at much lower speeds. This was a problem since the new wing had great difficulty to allow this. High stall speeds made it unsafe to land and take off at low speeds and this would mean an increase in the needed length of runways. A much more safer and practical solution had to be found.
Solutions
By the end of World War I the world was beginning to realize the ability air combat presented. When World War II started planes became much more effective. Though still fabric covered, the aircraft were faster and more agile than the variants used in the Great War. In 1938, the first year of the Second World War, Curtiss unveiled their P-40 Warhawk. This aircraft was one of the best of its time and laid the foundation for modern aircraft engineering. But by 1940 the German Luftwaffe had begun to develop faster, long-ranged fighter-bombers. All current Allied aircraft could not keep up with the long range of the B-17 bombers who needed escort. In 1940, North American Aviation received an order from Britain requesting another shipment of
In today’s world, the use of airplanes in wars or in everyday life has become a part of how we live as human beings. Removing the air forces of the world is like taking a step back in time when wars were only fought on land or sea. WWI began only eleven short years after the Wright brothers achieved powered flight in 19031 and yet aircrafts were being used for surveillance and eventually combat purposes. It is understood that these aircrafts were primitive, but they laid down the foundation for what we know today as fighter jets. The Fokker Eindecker “revolutionized air combat by successfully employing a synchronized forward -firing machine gun mounted on the engine cowling”2. Because this airplane became the first to successfully use a synchronized machine gun, it allowed its pilots to become the first aerial combat tactitions3.
April 16th 1907, Joseph-Armand Bombardier, a Canadian inventor and entrepreneur was born. Bombardier grew up in the eastern Quebec village of Valcourt. The ambitious young bombardier wanted to come up with a solution to make it much easier to travel through the snow-covered roads. Through Bombardier’s earlier years, he started his own garage where he worked and honed his mechanical craft. In his spare time, Bombardier worked hard to create an automobile that could travel easily on snow.
...Another way to decrease the disturbance over the wings are to move the wings lower than the horizontal stabilizer or visa versa to allow the shock waves moving over each wing to miss each other. Most aircraft today do not have enough fuel to maintain the speed of sound for great distances. Engineers have designed a brand new aircraft known as the F-22, which has the ability to fly an entire mission at supersonic speeds. The speed of light is unattainable by aircraft due to drag. We have no materials that could with stand the heat caused by the friction of the air moving over its body, nor materials strong enough to be able to take the enormous drag. Today there is no thrust capability that would allow for the speed of light. Although aircraft has proved such things as time dilation it is still impossible for an aircraft to travel at 900,000 miles per second.
Aviation was big during the 1920’s. The first airplanes that were developed were made of wood and canvas, they were later modernized and than made of an increasing amount of metal during this era. Airplanes were typically only used to carrying heavy loads and for wars, but during this era they were able to start taking passengers as well. It was only in 1927 that an airport terminal in the form of a waiting room and ticket-office for airplane passenger...
Following World War II and the jet engine technology that emerged largely toward its end, aerospace engineers knew well that the technology had great potential for use in the commercial aviation industry. The Comet was the first aircraft to utilize jet propulsion; however, its designers failed to consider the metallurgy of the aircraft’s materials under flight conditions or the consequences of their atypical window design. The aircraft was designed by Britain’s De Havilland Aircraft Company and entered service in May 1952. After a year of service, however, the design issues mentioned above resulted in the failure of several Comet aircraft. Extensive evaluations revealed that repeated pressurization stress on the aircraft’s main cabin had caused its structure to fail.
Many people are amazed with the flight of an object, especially one the size of an airplane, but they do not realize how much physics plays a role in this amazing incident. There are many different ways in which physics aids the flight of an aircraft. In the following few paragraphs some of the many ways will be described so that you, the reader, will realize physics at work in the world of flight.
In lights of the PESTLE model, the political factors bring both opportunities and threats to Jetstar’s new proposal. Since this proposal focus on the Australia-India low price airline market, the analysis conducts involving Australia and India political environments. There are two potential opportunities in this political environment. Firstly, the Australian government has the incentive to boost the development of tourism between the two countries (Tourism Australia 2012). With the support of government, the start of the new route could be easier. For example, American government erects legislation to increase competition of the airport ‘by forcing these airports to increase the availability of scarce facilities’ (Williams 2015). Such legislations and regulations as well as financing investment or subsidies from government could directly help the airline company cut the cost. Similarly, Australian government could also have powerful intervention to influence aviation market. Thus, it is a big opportunity for Jetstar to the new route expansion if it acquires the
Travelling at a speed twice that of sound might seem to be something futuristic; however, this feat has already been achieved almost 40 years ago by the world’s only supersonic passenger aircraft-The Concorde. Concorde brought a revolution in the aviation industry by operating transatlantic flights in less than four hours. The slick and elegant aircraft with one of the most sophisticated engineering was one of the most coveted aircrafts of its time. However, this was all destined to end when Air France Flight 4590 was involved in a tragic disaster just outside the city of Paris on July 25, 2000. The crash killed 113 people, but more disastrous was its impact. The belief and confidence people had with Concorde gradually started to fade, and finally Concorde was grounded after two and a half years of the crash. Official reports state that the main cause of the crash was a piece of metal dropped by a Continental aircraft that flew moments before Concorde, but, over the last decade, the report has met a lot of criticism, and many alternative hypotheses have thus been proposed.
The most important factor in determining the lift generated by an airplane is the angle of attack. The angle of attack is the degree measure from the horizontal that a wing is elevated or declined. When the angle of attack is between 1 and 20 degrees, the most lift is generated. To find the lift generated by a particular area of wing in a standard airfoil shape, a teardrop with the fat end facing forward, the equation L=Cl 1/2 (pV2)S. Cl is the lift coeficent, which is determined by the shape of the airfoil and the angle of attack. P stands for the air mass density, V for the velocity of the air passing over the wing, and S for the area of the wing when viewed from above or below.
The idea of winglets was developed by F.W. Lancaster a British aerodynamicist in the late 1800s. However, it was not until an energy crisis in 1976, causing the price of fuel to skyrocket, that Richard Whitcomb, a NASA aerodynamicist, took Lancaster’s concept to the next step. Whitcomb soon published a comparison between a wing with a winglet and the same wing with a simple wing extension to increase its span. This paper showed significant improvement from the simple wing extension to the wing with the winglet. The winglet caused a reduction in drag and an improvement in the lift/drag ratio. Whitcomb proved that in theory the winglet would work, but it was Burt Rutan, an American aerospace engineer that went ahead and designed his ‘Vari-Eze’ to incorporate the ‘Whitcomb Wings’. “Rutan takes winglets from the drawi...
(Morgan 67). When the jet engine was thought of back in the 1920's the world
The jet engine is a great mechanical piece of engineering. It has been used in almost all aircraft since its invention. This one improvement in aircraft allowed aircraft to fly higher, faster, and more efficient. The turbocharged engine invented by GE was the main building block for other engines. Since its invention, the jet engine has been the workhorse for all jet powered aircraft.
A in November 1962, the British and French governments agreed to develop and build a supersonic aircraft. Each design presents an aerodynamic supersonic aircraft with a range of difficult problems, including two that have the highest interest powerplant installation and design of subsonic aircraft. supersonic speed because it is there are many configuration changes have been introduced, particularly in the areas of the nose and visor, rear wing and fuselage. the head of...
Aircraft are one of the biggest areas of advancement in the past. Military aircraft have become more sophisticated in variety, effectiveness, and maneuverability techniques in recent years. After it was found that aircraft could be very useful in war, they started to become a necessity of war. After World War 2, technological advances in aircraft began. The advances include stealth, targeting, maneuverability, etc.