Compare and contrast the attitudes of GMD and CCP to the first united front. (1924-27) The first united front was an alliance between Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China, formed to confront the Chinese warlordism in 1924. The Kuomintang (later referred as GMD) is the Chinese nationalist party established by Sun Yat-Sen in 1912 while Chinese Communist Party (later referred as CCP) was founded in 1921. The alliance set a National Revolutionary Army for the Northern Expedition in 1926. In 1927, during the expedition, Chiang Kai-shek purged the communists; and as the result the first united front ended. In this paper, the attitudes of GMD and CCP to the first United Front will be compared and contrasted. As the part of united front, the attitudes of alliance to the Northern Expedition will be discussed. First of all, GMD and CCP were held together by their common enemy, warlordism. Both GMD and CCP were revolutionary parties that wanted to put an end to the warlordism. For more than a decade, the warlords ruled their own territory throughout China and used military force to keep their power. The ultimate goal of the alliance is to unify China; and they thought that the party could not defeat the warlords alone. To achieve this goal, GMD and CCP set the National Revolutionary Army and established the Northern Expedition in 1926. However, under the surface, self-interests belied. The Chinese communist wanted to gain support among urban workers, peasants, and students through superiority of numbers in GMD and the nationalist movement without provoking non-communists. To achieve their goal, the GMD joined CCP as individual. Regarding the aim of GMD in the first united front, Sun Yat-sen, as the leader of GMD, underestimated ... ... middle of paper ... ... defeated. GMD wanted to take control of communist whereas the CCP aimed to spread communism. These different ambitions of the two parties made unstable and eventually led the first united front to fall apart. The both parties commonly had discords between the party members. In GMD, some members did not wish to cooperate with the new ally while members among CCP disagreed on behalf of joining in GMD and the timing of the Northern Expedition. Particularly, GMD went through great changes in the attitude towards the CCP after the establishment of the first united front. GMD was divided left wing and the wring wing over the authority of CCP members in the party. Also, after Sun Yat-sen’s death, Chiang Kai-shek eventually betrayed the CCP in the Shanghai White Terror. Against the GMD, CCP however was not keen to catch the sign of the terror and respond successfully.
The anarchists also did not seem that it was a stretch that peasants could be united, citing that villages will work to protect their own, so if the idea can spread that all peasants are one big village that they would be able to unite. Mao Zedong held a very similar belief when he was left in charge of the peasant revolution in his home province of Hunan. Rather than have the peasants in silent protests against the government, he advocated terror attacks against the landowners and officials. This was completely against Chinese tradition, which favors more moderate action and an emphasis on harmony. Mao believed that with these “terror attacks” by the peasants, or as he called it their revolutionary potential, that the party could assume a leadership role.
...and the quest to control and acquire fairway land while Iran, Guatemala, South Vietnamese and Chile was the use of the CIA and the ideology to stop communism.
After seven year war with Japan, China experiences an eruption of the long simmering civil war. The China civil war was the war between the China Nationalist and China Communist. “Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of Nationalist China and Mao Tse-tsung was the leader from revolutionary communist” (Sledge xix). American soldier involved in this war to support China Nationalist and defeat the China Communist. American wanted secure North China from the communist party. Moreover, American also wanted to secure the region from Japanese. In fact, civilian were welcoming American came to their country and they had a perception that American soldiers were the hero. It was because American successful defeat Japan, then th...
The birth of the early 20th century gave way to many political changes around the world such as the emergence of communism as a new way to govern countries. The Soviet Union was the first country to convert to this way of governing through the Russian Revolution in 1917. With the rise of the Bolsheviks party, a small socialist party who supported the working class more than the upper class, as an outcome to this revolution many countries were inspired to follow their footsteps. One such country was China. As China fell imperially in 1911, the Chinese Communist party emerged, reflecting the same values as its inspiration by organizing the country’s urban-working class. With the invasion of Japan, China’s enemy, in 1937 the CCP’s internal opposition,
From 1945 both the CCP and the GMD tried to take of as much territory
The two-line struggle which broke between Mao Zedong’s promotion of socialism and his opponents’ lapsed into revisionism. The designation of Liu Shaoqi with the dominant authority was an assertion that consensus had diminished over a variety of issues, including the economy and ‘spontaneous developments towards capitalism’ in the countryside. The party was accused of having become ‘divorced from the masses’ and education thrived of ‘bourgeois individualism’. The struggle between the Soviet Union and China was escalating, in which a split seemed to be inevitable. Mao as a result attempted to spur China’s independent economic development through the Great Leap Forward. Hence the social violence of the Revolution was caused by the incoherence of pre-Cultural Revolution political system as explained by Richard Kraus, “Maoism itself was embodied in the paradox that Mao wanted people to act voluntarily exactly as he wanted them to, without quite trusting they would do so.” Shifting from this political argument, Lynn T. White III interpreted the Cultural Revolution as an unintended result of administrative policies, claiming the campaigning, controlling and labelling of such swayed students’ attitudes towards each other and their leaders, hence seen as merely the long term cost of these
The Red Guard strove to remove and destroy the Four Olds, foreign influence, enemies of the Party and the current societal structure by persecuting those who supposedly perpetuated them. All vestiges of outdated customs, habits, culture and ideas were to be destroyed, since the movement represented “a triumph of youth over age, of ‘the new’ over ‘the old.’” To do so, the Red Guard wrecked thousands of art collections and the contents of libraries, and changed “reactionary” street signs. They persecuted members of the public who attempted to stop them or refused to give up the Four Olds. Those who had foreign ties, like businessmen, missionaries, or who had western education were also persecuted to prevent backwards or rightist ideologies from spreading into the new Chinese society. Chinese intellectuals were also hounded for the same reason: to prevent free thought. The messages of the movement were “negative—against the established authority, against the Party, against the military” and the outdated structures of the older generation. To destroy the established order, the Red Guards attacked educational and political institutions that were enemies of Mao and the party, and created general havoc within China. The Red Guard targeted teachers, education policies, and universities to change the core of education and the qualities that it had extolled. Members of the general public and even party officials themselves were attacked, to remove the “capitalist roaders” with bourgeois tendencies from society. Mao hoped that in this chaos a new communist China would emerge.
...he Chinese knew that they could not fight the Japanese until they worked together, however Chiang did not stop fighting the communists. According to Ebrey, “In 1936 troops that had been driven out of Manchuria by the Japanese were ordered by Chaing to blockade the Communists in Yan’an. When Chiang came to Xi’an, they kidnapped him and refused to release him until he agreed to form a united front with the communists against Japan.” (Ebrey, 450). Now working together, Chiang started to defend China against Japan. However, the Japanese forces still could not be stopped and on December 1937, Japan, “went on a rampage, massacring somewhere between 40,000 and 300,000 civilians and fugitive soldiers, raping perhaps 20,000 women, and laying the city waste.” (Ebrey, 450) Japan absolutely destroys the city of Nanking and this period becomes known as the Rape of Nanking.
It was the events between 1946 and 1964 that strengthened communism in China. At the end of World War II, the Nationalist Party (GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) raced for power in China. The chairman of the Communist Party was Mao Zedong and their army was known as the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). The Nationalist’s were led by Chiang Kai-shek and their army was the Kuomintang.
Reasons for the Failure of the First United Front in 1928 The promises of First United Front in 1923 did not bring about a long-term cooperation. By 1927, the incompatibility between the two parties began to show, culminating in a series of persecution carried out by the Nationalist Party against the CCP. The following were the reasons. One reason for the collapse was the death of Sun Yat-sen.
This essay will concentrate on the comparison and analysis of two communist figures: Mao Zedong, leader of the Communist Party in China, and Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union. The main focus of this paper will be to explore each figure’s world view in depth and then compare and contrast by showing their differences and similarities.
...d, and several members of that nationalist party joined the recently founded Indochinese Communist Party.
UN and NATO were both formed after major crises in the world. UN was being formed during and after WWII. In 1944 reps of china, the UK, US, and USSR met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C. to plan the peacekeeping Organization. The forming of NATO began years after WWII. Many western leaders saw policies of USSR as threatening. The Berlin blockaid that began in March 1948 led to negotiations between Europe, Canada, and US that resulted in NATO.
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, beginning as a campaign targeted at removing Chairman Mao Zedong's political opponents, was a time when practically every aspect of Chinese society was in pandemonium. From 1966 through 1969, Mao encouraged revolutionary committees, including the red guards, to take power from the Chinese Communist party authorities of the state. The Red Guards, the majority being young adults, rose up against their teachers, parents, and neighbors. Following Mao and his ideas, The Red Guard's main goal was to eliminate all remnants of the old culture in China. They were the 'frontline implementers' who produced havoc, used bloody force, punished supposed 'counter revolutionists', and overthrew government officials, all in order to support their 'beloved leader'.
The 1911 Revolution kicked out the Qing Dynasty and broke the barriers to different developments in China. However, the 1911 Revolution has only provided a framework of a republic and made changes in some particular aspects related to immediate problems and difficulties in society. Hence, the relationship between the revolution and the subsequent development of China was very weak. On one hand, I do not agree with the latter part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution brought new problems to China. The conflicts and problems that China suffered in the early/ mid 1910s were mainly due to the weakness of the military force, conflicting political organizations and disorder in society. On the other hand, I agree with the first part of the statement that the 1911 Revolution did not bring peace to China afterwards. In the following paragraphs, I am going to focus on explaining the reasons of emerging new problems in China and also illustrate my points on the factors of the 1911 Revolution which could not bring in peace to China related to the conditions of the country.