Intimate Partner Violence: A Theoretical Analysis
Introduction
Intimate partner violence occurs when people use violence against a partner that are in an intimate relationship with, such as dating, engaged, or married. Several factor can lead to predictive measure in whether a person is more or less likely to use or be a victim of physical intimate partner violence. These behaviors can be learned from others or if the person has low self-control. This paper will theoretically analyze how micro-level theory, both social learning and self-control, may be used to explain what causes people to be more likely to use physical violence in an intimate partnership.
Micro-level criminological theory
Micro-level theory are applied on an individual
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Akers and Burgess posit that people observe the social interactions around them, and the rewards or punishments from those social behaviors (Williams III & McShane, 2014). Frequency and duration of repeated behaviors are more likely in making that person it is positively reinforced, or less likely if it is negatively reinforced.
Palmetto, N., Davidson, L. L., Breitbart, V., & Rickert, V. I. (2013).
The purpose of this study is to examine how social learning theory may be used to examine the frequency of physical violence on three categories of women, victimized, perpetrators, and bidirectional, which are in a heterosexual relationship. The question that is
raised in this study is whether the lower the frequency of physical violence in one of the partners, in a relationship that has bidirectional physical violence, will also lower the frequency of physical violence in the other partner. It is a micro-level, quantitative study because it uses a bivariate analysis to determine the frequency of physical violence and indivualized self- report surveys. It reaffirms previous studies by showing that women are more likely to use physical violence against a
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The major steps in preforming the study began with choosing a large, urban healthcare center, out of three candidates. The one selected for the study was chosen because of its diversity and large proportion of younger women than the other two health centers. Next, women that were going to the clinic for an abortion or only refilling prescriptions were not asked to partake in the study because of how it would affect their schedules. After that, 697 women were ask if they would take a survey about physical violence in a relationship using an audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI), and upon completion of the interview awarded the interviewee with a 10 dollar gift card to a clothing store of their choice. The interviewers only required that informed verbal be given by the individuals completing the interview to help protect their anonymity. Of the women that completed it 79 were excluded for either not finishing the survey, being in a same sex relationship, completing it twice, or not being in a relationship with the last year. This left a sample size of 618
The most notable discovery or key concept behind intimate partner violence with women as victims, would be that the overall rates have seen a general decrease. As found in the National Trends in Intimate Partner Homicide report, "Spousal homicide rates for both women and men have declined between 1974 and 2000" (Bunge, 2002). Many of the authors discussed present different perspecti...
Intimate partner violence is significant to the field of victim studies because it involves someone in a relationship being abused physically, emotional, or sexually, therefore someone in the relationship is a victim and needs help getting out of or fixing the situation. It is an epidemic that needs to be taken care of. “The need for effective offender treatment programs is imperative for the overall well being of victims of IPV and the community as a whole” (Herman, Rotunda, Williamson, & Vodanovich, 2014, p. 2). The Duluth Model is a program that reduces men’s violence against their intimate partner. The purpose of this paper is to determine if the Duluth Model effectively does what is it intended to do.
This paper examines Patriarchal Terrorism, a form of domestic violence against women. In the United States has being more prevalent among different races, social level, marital status, and educational level. The current increase of domestic violence rates globally have led researchers to study the importance of the rates in the United States for better methods of policy implementation. The theory that explains the causes of domestic violence is the Conflict Theory developed by Karl Marx. Conflict Theory explains how domestic violence emerged due to the result of gender inequality in patriarchal societies. In this societies, men were superior to women in the ability to obtain education, employment, financial income, creating law, and vote. As
... policies have to be able to effectively deal with the crime. The results of this study can be used to formulate policy in the state and in other states. The study plays an important role in understanding the nature of domestic violence, and how enforcement of stricter laws against it will affect its prevalence in the community.
Victims who suffer intimate partner abuse are more likely to stay in their current abusive relationships for many reason; fear to leave the partner, there are children allowed, fear for their safety and their lives and they are dependent on the abusive partner (Dennis & Vigod, 2013). Even though social services are readily available to help and it would seem only logical that these services would be used; victims of intimate partner violence are sometimes not aware of these services (Dennis & Vigod, 2013). Furthermore, the victims are often isolated from family and friends, therefore, they are unable to seek help so they suffer alone (Dennis & Vigod, 2013). Furthermore, perpetrators of intimate partner violence are often possessive, demanding and controlling towards their victims, therefore, the violence are often consistent and increases in severity (Dennis & Vigod, 2013).
Domestic violence consists of verbal, financial, emotional, sexual, and physical abuse within the household, generally involving partners and families. This occurrence of violence is acted to gain and maintain control over somebody. Abusers have the tendency to enforce fear, guilt, shame and intimidation to brainwash and maintain power. The...
It holds abusive men fully accountable for their violence and provides safety for victims of violence. However, many men who have perpetrated feel no sense of power and control in their lives (Dutton & Starzomski, 1994). The Duluth model deems interpersonal violence as a wilful exertion of male dominance over women to conform to the norms of society. In this view, the model does not assume that domestic violence is caused by mental or behavioural health problems, substance use, anger, stress, or previous victimisation.
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is historically referred to as domestic violence. It describes a pattern of coercive and assaultive behavior that may include psychological abuse, progressive isolation, sexual assault, physical injury, stalking, intimidation, deprivation, and reproductive coercion among partners (The Family Violence Prevention Fund (FVPF), 1999). IPV leads to lifelong consequences such as lasting physical impairment, emotional trauma, chronic health problems, and even death. It is an issue effecting individuals in every community, regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, nationality or educational background. Eighty-five percent of domestic violence victims are women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003). More than one in three women in the United States have experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2012). Thirty to sixty percent of perpetrators tend to also abuse children in the household (Edelson, 1999). Witnessing violence between parents or caretakers is considered the strongest risk factor of transmitting violent behavior from one generation to the next (Break the Cycle, 2006).
“One woman is beaten by her husband or partner every 15 seconds in the United States” (Stewart & Croudep, 1998-2012). Domestic violence can interfere with the husband-wife relationship because one spouse is always in constant fear of the other. This violence could vary from physical abuse to ps...
According to O'Donnell and Craney (1982), domestic violence can also arise in response to various social structural factors. This fact explains the apparent concentration of domestic violence occurrences within families of lower socioeconomic status since these families are more likely to suffer stressful conditions such as poor health, unemployment, unsatisfactory housing and lifestyles along with many others. However, in complete contrast to such beliefs that domestic violence occurs mainly in lower socioeconomic groups, data collected by the Family Violence Professional Education Taskforce (1991) indicates that family violence is prevalent throughout all class
Thesis: In my paper, I will be examining the different types, possible causes, and effects of Intimate Partner Violence, and what treatments or programs are available to combat this growing problem in America. Regardless of differing approaches to fight it, statistics show that women all across the world suffer from the effects of domestic violence at a similar rate independent of class, race, or religion.
Today in America, there seems to be an overwhelming amount of violent crime that takes place. Watching the nightly news, one could take a tally of the numerous attacks and deaths that are reported. Violence is not a new phenomenon, however. From Cain murdering Abel, to massacres at villages being raided, to the atrocities of the Holocaust, and the attacks of September 11, 2001, violence is ever present. The focus of this paper is a subset of violence, domestic violence. The societal question being posed in this paper is: Has domestic violence increased over the past twenty five years or is it just being reported better? While it may seem like a simple question, the answer is quite perplexing. Though there has been a statistical reduction in domestic violence, domestic violence continues to be an epidemic (Montaldo, Vagianos).
In 1974, a study was done which compared male and female domestic violence. In that study, it was found that 47% of husbands had used physical violence on their wives, and 33% of wives had used violence on their husbands (Gelles 1974). Half of the respondents in this study were selected from either cases of domestic violence reported to the police, or those identified by the social service agency.
For the purpose of this paper, domestic violence is “the emotional, physical, psychological, or sexual abuse perpetrated against a person by a person's spouse, former spouse, partner, former partner or by the other parent of a minor child” (McCue, 1995, p. 2). While it is these things, the violence is also a pattern of demeanor used to create power and control over another individual with whom an intimate relationship is shared through fear and coercion (Bonem, Stanley-Kime & Corbin, 2008). The previously mentioned definition can include both same and opposite sex couples, however for the purpose of this review I will focus primary on opposite-sex couples.
McHugh, M. C., & Frieze, I. H. (2006). Intimate partner violence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1087, 121–141. doi: 10.1196/annals.1385.011