A paradigm is explained as a belief system or a theory that is helpful for the purpose of guiding the things or obtaining a set of practice. Research paradigm is a very important aspect that should be properly defined for the effective research study. It is the process of guiding the research study for making the decisions and carrying out the study (Krysik & Finn, 2013). Further, in order to elucidate the structure of inquiry of the researcher and the methodological choice, research paradigm should be explored. For the research study, the investigation is done by adopting the particular paradigm of inquiry. The first step in conducting a research study is to select a paradigm on which the methodology, research design, and literature review …show more content…
The interpretivism paradigm is placed against the positivist paradigm. The objective of the interpretivism paradigm is to illustrate meaningful social action that will help an individual to be aware of the social reality. Therefore, the interpretivist researchers mostly prefer qualitative designs particularly narrative, textual studies and field studies. The urban history, environment-behavior studies and socio-spatial analyzes are interpretive studies. The interpretivism paradigm recognizes that the reality is subjective and also acknowledges that there exist multiple realities. The main focus of the interpretivist research is on the proper description of the phenomena and focusing less on the critics of such phenomena (Phillips, McNaught & Kennedy, 2012). The interpretivism paradigm supports the view of multiple realities and truths and focuses on the holistic perspectives of people. This paradigm is integrated with the methodology approach that provides an opportunity for concern, voice and practice of the research candidate. Interpretivism paradigm assumes that the reality and truth known is formulated inter intuitively through the meaning and interpretation developed socially.
The critical paradigm favors the participatory and qualitative designs in order to implicate the observations in the research study in the process itself. The critical researchers are concerned about the episternological and strong ontological standpoint, and these researchers are further concerned about the direct, optimistic social change of the research study. This is particularly the case of the feminist research whose objective is to empower the community and society interests in order to protect it from the harmful planning decisions (Silva, Healey, Harris & Broeck,
Based on the preceding ontological and epistemological assumptions a researcher then makes methodological assumptions. Having decided on exactly what is to be studied the researcher then decides how the research can best be managed thus formulating a plan of action. Considerations include whether the research used should be primary or secondary. Whether one will test an existing hypothesis or whether one will construct a theory after having collated evidence. Finally one can draw conclusions as to which strategy to implement with the ultimate goal of producing the type of knowledge that is required. This then results in the type of method or methods of research to be used.
The research question is the first and foremost initial step in the research process, because it defines the expected outcomes and drives the project design. So it should be clear and concise once the research question is formulated, the next is defining the terms and concepts used in the research process. A literature review is needed to clarify issues, gives an understanding to the researcher how others have formulated similar research questions and defines concepts.
It is studied on how people create meanings and symbols to a physical structure that can be shared and understood among members of a certain cultural society, which is called intersubjectivity. It is about shared meanings and interpretation that evolves into certain kind of learning community. Symbolic interpretivist analytical approach is by using qualitative data gathering and analysis unlike modernist which adopt quantitative method. Hatch and Cunliffe says that social construction function through objectification, externalization and internalization. Externalization is when we have understanding through symbols like objects, actions and words. In the long run, these processes create a shared construction of reality and continue to pass on to future generations
First, it depends on quantitative methods to understand the world. Quantitative tools are insufficient in understanding complex social phenomena, especially human systems and behaviours. Second, positivism demands researcher objectivity. Researchers cannot be completely objective because they have social, economic, political and cultural biases that can influence their choice of questions and data-collection methods as well as their analysis and recommendations. Third, positivism believes in the notion of a grand narrative apart from controlling and predicting reality. Social problems are too dynamic to be boxed in simple generalisations. Moreover, researchers cannot control human actions; they can only try to influence them if they know the latter’s innermost motivations and goals in
The development of this concept was based on research done through the interview process as well as literature search and review.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Now within the rest of this paper you will be finding a few different things getting discussed. Staring it off we will be discussing the articles that we have found to make our arguments and hypotheses. After wrapping up the literature reviews we will be discussing the hypotheses thus continuing onto our variables and indicators. Once we discuss our hypotheses we will be moving onto the research design. The research design will have our general issues, sampling, and methods.
Positivism Paradigm is considered the “scientific method”; Interpretivist Paradigm approaches understanding using the world of “human experience”. Critical and Transformative researchers "believe that inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda" (Creswell, 2003, p.9). Pragmatism theorists are not committed to any specific system of philosophy or model that use the most relevant theory applicable to their research. Understanding paradigms is essential to preparing for dissertation research. Paradigms provide a framework to write and explain my philosophies, accurately support the data compiled and structure the narrative research. Selecting the paradigm will determine if the research will include qualitative data, quantitative data or a mixed method which will incorporate a blended method approach. Choosing an incorrect approach can lead to research flaws and
In conclusion conceptual relativism sets out to explain the world in term of the human mind to construct realities, and is concerned with truth and knowledge and radical Social constructionism is concerned with the idea that a variety of phenomena’s are socially constructed. This is then linked with the idea of radical anti-realism in relation to reality and the validity of science. Both are definitely problematic for any claim that the social sciences produce reliable knowledge for if knowledge is only meaningful to one group how can that have the same meanings to another group each individual sees the world through their own glasses so each and every individual holds a different opinion and no one opinion can be correct. How can any methods of research be correct if there is no real truth?
Developing the discipline, researchers pursue the aim of explaining people the current events, suggesting techniques of thinking, successful ways of living and communicating in the society, and supplying the tools for the opposition.This branch of knowledge involves various methodological techniques, such as textual, content, and phonemic analyses, semiotics, deconstruction, ethnography, interviews, psychoanalysis, rhizomatics, and survey research (Nelson et al., 2011, p.2). They all provide the complete picture of the contemporary
Research philosophy, refers to the development of knowledge adopted by the researchers in their research (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). In other words, it is the theory that used to direct the researcher for conducting the procedure of research design, research strategy, questionnaire design and sampling (Malhotra, 2009). It is very important to have a clear understanding of the research philosophy so that we could examine the assumptions about the way we view the world, which are contained in the research philosophy we choose, knowing that whether they are appropriate or not (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009), three major ways of thinking about research philosophy are examined: ontology, epistemology and axiology. Each of them carries significant differences which will have an impact on the way we consider the research procedures. Ontology, “is concerned with nature of reality”, while epistemology “concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study and axiology “studies judgements about value” (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009, p110, p112, p116). This study is intent on creating some “facts” from objective evaluations which are made by the subjects. Therefore, epistemology will be chosen for this study as the way of thinking about the research philosophy.
After establishing the research problem and what results are wanted, it will define how it will find the answers. Research is a form of collection and interpretation of information that will form the basis of finding answers to questions. The research uses theories and methods that h...
Positivism is a research method that developed from the behavioral revolution, which sought to combine positivism and empiricism to politics (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). That is to say, this research approach is governed by natural law to observe, understand and to find meaning in the empirical world. This type of research seeks to answer two empirical questions, such as ‘what is out there’ and ‘what do we call it’ (Gerring, 2001: 156). Positivism is only interested in phenomenons that can be observed through our senses. Thus, positivism is interested in social realities that can be observed and measured by the scientific method (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 29). Furthermore, positivism believes that the gathering of evidence through scientific method can create knowledge and laws, known as induction (Halperin and Heath, 2012: 27). That is to say, evidence can be verified and later generalized then applied to multiple contexts. A positivist would investigate empirical questions that assume how the world works through the accuracy of a probable truth (Gerring, 2001: 155).
Striating from the research idea to the culmination of the findings, the research process entails many segments, all of which are imperative. By choosing the research methodology, the researchers can formulate the path to be used in conducting the study and reporting the findings. The methodology helps in the search of literature, development of research questions and the creation of the most suitable study design. It also assists in the interpretation of the results and the publication of the findings in journals.
Research which is also known as the search for knowledge is an art of scientific search for specific information. According to Clifford Woody, the research includes defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis and suggested solutions, collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusion and further testing whether the conclusion will fit into formulating hypothesis. Research Methodology is a scientific and systematic way of finding solution to a problem. In this research, researcher has studied various steps for research like problem along with the logic behind them. For this study, researcher must know various research techniques like mean, mode,