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Impacts of pathogens on plants
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The interaction between plant hosts and pathogens are complex systems that consist of a vast multitude of components. These components that contribute to these systems are from host as well as pathogenic origin and compete with one another in an attempt to be more successful than the other party.
There are many different pathogens that infect plants from all five kingdoms of life and each has a different method of infecting the host. There are several traits that are universal requirements for infection such as gaining entry to the host, overcoming the host’s immune response, replicating effectively within the host and spreading to naïve hosts.
Plant cell walls consist of a network of various peptides and polysaccharides. Three categories of polysaccharides exist, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Pectin and hemicellulose form the network that the cellulose microfibrils are embedded. The pectin network consists of galacturonic acid (PGA) subunits that are bound by α-1,4-linked glycosidic bonds. This network acts as a primary defence barrier to pathogens that attempt to cross the cell wall to infect the host as well as providing significant structural support.
The biosynthesis of pectin is localised to the Golgi vesicles. It has been estimated that 67 different enzymes are required in the biosynthetic pathway of pectin. 384 The reason for the evolution of pectin is mostly unknown and genome comparisons between different plants would provide a clearer insight into its evolution. What is known about the evolution is that the latest development in angiosperms is the presence of the QUA1 ortholog.
Plant endoPGs are important for the developmental and remodelling processes during their lifecycles.
One of the most prolific en...
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...able to produced polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) to protect themselves. PGIPs are able to defend themselves against fungal endoPGs, but not against bacterial endoPGs. This has led to the biochemical and computational study of various endoPG enzymes from various sources.
EndoPG have many commercial applications that include extraction of fruit juice and vegetable oils, bleaching of paper, the treatment of waste water and as additives in poultry feed.
References
Oeser, B., Heidrich, P.M., Muller, U., Tudzynski, P., Tenberge, K.B., 2002, Polygalacturonase is a pathogenicity factor in the Claviceps purpurea/rye interaction, Fungal Genetics and Biology, 36: 176–186
Wu, C., Yan, H., Liu, L., Liou, R., 2007, Functional Characterization of a Gene Family Encoding Polygalacturonases in Phytophthora parasitic, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 21(4): 480-489
Thomas R. Warne, Leslie G. Hickok and Rodney J. Scott. (1988). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Characterization and genetic analysis of antheridiogen-insensitive mutants in the fern Ceratopteris. 96 (1), 371-379.
Bonnet, M., & Basson, P. W. (2004). the Toxicology of Claviceps purpurea: Ergot of Rye.
Starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin are all examples of polysaccharides. According to the BIO 1510 Lab Manual (2016) polysaccharides are not very soluble in water but can be made to go into solution through heating or agitation. Polysaccharides are excellent energy storage molecules because they are easily built and broken down by enzymes. Forming fairly compact structures, polysaccharides allow energy storage without the space required by a pool of free glucose monomers. Other polysaccharides form strong fibers that provide protection and structural support in both plants and animals. (Carbohydrates.” Home,
The test hypothesis was that there existed partner choice and sanction in the plant-bacteria symbiotic relationship of the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti.
The basis for the symbiotic relationship in these species is complex. The infection of the host cell by rhizobia occurs within the plant’s root nodules. Bacteroides, gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, are isolated from the host cell by a peribacteroid membrane; the membrane between the plasma membrane of the cell and the membrane of the bacteroid. The bacteroid contains differentiated rhizobia, which are able to fix nitrogen due to the supply of carbon from the host plant. Sucrose is delivered to the nodules of the root via the phloem, where it is cleaved by suc synthase, and enters the Krebs cycle. The product of glyco...
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die.
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Schumann, Gail L., and Cleora J. D'Arcy. Hungry Planet: Stories of Plant Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society, 2012. Print.
The novel challenges the contradicting sides of the expectation and reality of family and how each one contains a symbiotic relationship. The ideal relationship within families differ throughout The Bean Trees. Kingsolver focuses on the relationship between different characters and how they rely on each other to fill the missing gaps in their lives.
Plant defences are those mechanisms employed by plants in response to herbivory and parasitism. According to Hanley et al. (2007), “the tissues of virtually all terrestrial, freshwater, and marine plants have qualities that to some degree reduce herbivory, including low nitrogen concentration, low moisture content, toxins or digestibility-reducing compounds”. The type of chemical defence may be species specific (Scott 2008). The defences that plants possess may be in the form of chemical production or in the form of physical defences such as thorns or spikes and even through reinforced, rigid leaves. “The compounds that are produced in response to herbivory can either have a direct effect on the attacker itself (e.g. toxins or digestibility reducers), or serve as indirect defenses by attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores” (Bezemer & van Dam 2005). This essay will focus on chemical plant defences and in particular the effects of terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen-based defences as well as allelopathy in plants.
...ulose will be protected from anything that could potentially damage the cell otherwise. It also plays a part in helping cells keep their shape. Cell walls, along with cellulose, provide support for plants so that they can grow tall while maintaining their shape. The size of the plant will determine the amount of cellulose it will need, but all plants require some amount of it and make use of it constantly.
Soil is one of the greatest contributors to plant growth because it consists of nutrients such as potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and living organism. In the vast plant world, some living organisms in soil and plants such as rhizobia, which are the bacteria that supply sufficient nodulation in legume crops” (Mathew, David, & Mark, 2013) are useful. It’s these important rhizobia bacteria located in the plants’ root nodules that aid in nitrogen fixation for the plant. Other living organisms such as nematodes and parasites are harmful to the plants’ health. The harmful living organisms in soil rob plants for their resources and nutrients leading to nitrogen and sulfur nutrient deficiencies. In highly valued nutritious food plants such as dwarf peas, Pisum sativum that contain an abundant content of essential elements such as starch; the presence of pathogens in soil will lead to low nutrition value content in the dwarf peas.
Microbes are everywhere in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment in which they grow. The effects
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
I want to make the reader aware of different applications of biotechnology and the effects on the environment. Charlney, A.K. “Mechanisms of Fungal Pathogenesis in Insects.” Biotechnology of Fungi for Improving Plant Growth. Eds. Lumsden, R. D. and J. M. Whipps. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 85-126. Print. Both of these, the article and book discuss the use of fungi for improving plant growth. It contains extensive information on how we can use fungi in farming. Fungi are useful for plant growth. This co...