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Questions about operant conditioning
Overview of operant conditioning
Overview of operant conditioning
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Infant memory is a fairly new concept that has been discovered as time has progressed. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. Infant memory is a lot more complex than adult memory; early findings have detected that infants are capable of retaining memory for a period of time. These discoveries introduced us to different methods of testing infant memory: operant conditioning, visual paired comparison and deferred imitation. Each of these methods shows evidence of some memory retention in infants, demonstrating that infants do have the ability to retain information within infancy period. To understand this, a thorough explanation of one of the research methods (operant conditioning) demonstrates how these procedures …show more content…
The activity board consists of 3 buttons and 3 frames. If the buttons are pressed, the frames will change color and load pictures of common objects. The infant will begin by sitting in front of the activity board while the board is off. During this process, the spontaneous rate in which the infant presses the buttons is measured to create a baseline. Next the infant sits in front of the activity board. During this procedure, the activity board is turned on and the infant will observe the instructor perform the task. Following this, the infant will perform the task for a period of time. Next, the infant waits 24 hours where he or she is then tested by turning off the board allowing the infant to play with the activity board. If the infant presses the buttons, the infant has retained memory of the task previously learned. In order to test how long they can remember the task, one must wait a few days or weeks and test the infants again on the same task, as studied by Rovee-Collier in …show more content…
She tested the infants through operant conditioning, specifically using the reactivation method which translates to make active again, it acts as the reminder. The infant group of 2- to 6- months of age began by lying down in the crib not attached to the ribbon to see the spontaneous kick rate, in order to set a baseline. The infants then watched the mobile being moved by the experimenter for 3 minutes. After this a 9 minute training took place. The experimenter during this stage measured the kicks per minute by attaching the ribbon to both the infant and the mobile. Next 24 hours later, the experimenter had an immediate test, in which the ribbon was not attached to the mobile, but they did measure the kicks per minute. The experimenters waited 24 hours for day 2 of training; the training was identical to day 1. After this the experimenters had a 14 days delay until the next test. On day 13 reactivation was performed on half of the infants, and it consisted of the infant sitting in the crib with no ribbon attached to the mobile. During this step the experimenter jiggled the mobile for 3 minutes and recorded the kicks per minute. The other half of the infants were part of the control group, meaning they did not get a reactivation session. On day 14 all infants performed the 3 minute test, by sitting in the crib with no ribbon attached to the mobile while the experimenter
Baillargeon, R., & DeVos, J. (1991). Object permanence in 3.5 and 4.5-month-old infants: further evidence. Child Development, 62, 1227-1246.
Memory is an important and active system that receives information. Memory is made up of three different stages sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. According to the power point presentation, sensory memory refers to short storage of memory that allows an individual to process information as it occurs. Short term memory refers to memory that is only available for a limited time. It is information that is held for seconds or sometimes even minutes. Long term memory refers to memory that is stored for a long period of time and it has an unlimited capacity with the ability to hold as much information as possible. Retrieval is key and it allows individuals to have memories. Episodic memory refers to memory for events that we
After reading “Early Memory” by January Gill O’Neil, an assumption can be easily made about what the message is in the story. The text states, “Knowing that fire in my childhood, clenched deep in my pockets all the way home.” Another example is, “There must have been such rage in me, to give someone such pain to another person.” One could tell a lot from this because she is basically explaining how she feels. In the beginning of the story, she talks about how she threw sand in a boy’s eyes when she was in kindergarten. An assumption can be made that she was having a tough time and she got a sudden burst of anger. That certain angry moment caused her to throw sand in someone’s eyes, probably without having control. She later talks about how
Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Bidrose, S., Pipe, M., Craw, S., & Albin, D. S. (1999). Emotion and memory: Children's long-term remembering, forgetting, and suggestibility. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 235-270.
The reason people exist is because of two important things: memory and language, which have been vital in the evolution of humanity. (Our ancestors needed language to explain how to light a fire to keep them warm and a memory to remember how to do it). So we have a memory because if we did not we would never have evolved far enough for you to ask this question in this place. So how does it work? The process involve in the human memory are very complex… I will present you the neuralgic and biologic part then Aurelie will talk about the characteristics of our human memory and then Sebastien will explain the troubles of the memory…
B.F. Skinner, also a behaviorist, studied the effects of operant conditioning on behavior. Operant conditioning is the basic learning process that in...
Children start out in life observing everything that everyone and everything around them are doing. They learn to walk, talk, and feed themselves from observing what their parents, siblings, and other people around them do. They learn these things from observing and then imitating them. “It has been found that infants as early 6 weeks old imitate facial expressions and infants 6 and 9 months of age have shown to exhibit deferred imitation of actions demonstrated with objects” (Jones, Hebert. 197). “Recently researchers at the University of Washington and Temple University have found the first evidence revealing a key aspect of the brain processing that occurs in babies to allow this learning by observation” (“Baby Brains Learn Through Imitation”). In their study they found that when a baby observed an adult touch a toy with their hand the same part of the brain that controls the same hand on the child would light up. The same was true if they observed an adult touch the toy with their foot, the foot part of the child’s brain would light up. These results showed that when babies observed someone els...
Babies is a 2010 French film, by Thomas Balmes, that follows four babies from birth to their first steps around the world. Two of the babies are from rural areas: Panijao from Opuwo, Namibia, and Bayarjargal from Bayanchandmani, Mongolia. The other two babies are from urban areas: Mari from Tokyo, Japan, and Hattie from San Francisco, United States. This documentary is different because the whole film is from the babies perceptive. Everything that is shot is at the babies level. There is very little dialogue throughout this film. The focus is not on the parents at all. You will see the parent’s faces through out the film. But mostly all you see is nipples, arms, hands and their chest. You see the parts the baby tends to have the most interest
...theory takes credence, because one provides a thoughtful and logical explanation as to why children rely less and less on visual imagery to build their memory. There is still a lot to be learned about the nature of the brain and how it matures. Even though a myriad of studies have been done, there are still inconclusive matters. One question remains: which of the theories previously explained is most responsible for the gradual degradation of eidetic memory over time? That is a probing question that might not be concretely answered by today’s research and studies. Still, eidetic memory is a puzzling phenomenon that naturally evokes curiosity. It’s topic many don’t understand, because of the misconceptions surrounding it. But hopefully, upon further research and advances in brain-scanning technology, all of society will come to understand the nature of it thoroughly.
The mechanism of human memory recall is neither a parallel nor a sequential retrieval of previously learned events. Instead, it is a complex system that has elements of both sequential and parallel modalities, engaging all of the sensory faculties of the individual. On an everyday level, issues about memory and recall affect everyone. It has a bearing on ramifications from the trivial to matters of life and death. Thus, a particular student might worry about his or her ability to remember 'memorized' material, a person might worry about losing his or her mind, and, there are the more troubling issue of diseases affecting memory such as Alzheimer's disease. According to Tulving, episodic memory represents only a small part of the much larger domain of memory (Tulving, 1992, p.1). Specifically, episodic memory is the process involved in remembering past events. This paper is a review of research findings on episodic memory with specific attention to episodic memory in adults and infants.
People have little moments that end up being important, things that they reflect on throughout their lives. In the poem Early Memory by January Gill O’Neil the author brings up a memory moment of the time that she threw sand in a kid’s eyes and the feeling she had when she got caught. She brings this up because she saw a guy pull a gold chain off a girl's neck on the street and the moment came up because she knew that feeling that that guy had because she had that same feeling when she threw the sand in the kids eyes, that feeling of just wanting to get your anger out. She felt this way because in the poem it states “There must have been such rage in me, to give such pain to another person,” she as a child, didn't really know why she was feeling
Neuronal plasticity found in infants, and the learning process has been of keen interest to neurobiologists for some time. How does the brain develop and attain the skills we need as one grows is fascinating. It is commonly understood that a crying infant can only be consoled by his/her mother, and is able to recognize her voice over the voice of a stranger. A number of studies have also been done on the distinct reaction of infants to sounds of their own language versus a foreign language, familiar melodies or fragments of stories they may have heard repeatedly during the fetus stage (Partanen et. al, 2013). However, these studies relied heavily on the infant’s reactions, which bared little credibility (Skwarecki, 2013). One research team developed a technique to show that infants actually develop memory of the sounds they hear while in the womb, and are able to recognize the similar sounds at the time of birth. The team was able to trace changes in brain activity in new born infants, and thus provided quantitative evidence that memory forms before birth (Partanen et. al, 2013). This paper begins by examining the literature that identifies associations between MMR used as a tool to measure auditory input and Exposure to Psuedoword and how its varations create memory traces.
Hepper, P. (2005, December). Fetal memory: Does it exist? What does it do? Retrieved July 4, 2010, from Circumcison Refrence Library : http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/hepper1
Before taking this course I already had a prior knowledge on infant and toddler development being a child development and family relations major. I have worked hands on with children in this age range and from previous courses know a lot about their physical growth and development. I knew that baby’s had poorly developed muscles in the beginning stages of life, but I didn’t know how long it took to get the muscles to develop. When holding a child we were always taught to support the neck and never let it just flop around. It was interesting to find out that even though a baby might be able to lift its head at one month its neck muscles are not fully developed until three months. By the time a child reaches two years of age their baby fat will start to disappear and be replaced by muscle from their constant movement like running and jumping.
Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becoming conditioned. The focus is on observable events instead of events that happen in one’s head. The belief that learning has not happened unless there is an observable change in behavior. “The earliest and most Ardent of behaviourists was Watson (1931; Medcof and Roth, 1991; Hill 1997). His fundamental conclusion from many experimental observations of animal and childhood learning was that stimulus-response (S-R) connections are more likely to be established the more frequently or recently an S-R bond occurs. A child solving a number problem might have to make many unsuccessful trials before arriving at the correct solution” (Childs, 2004).