Blood pressure (BP) refers to the amount of force that is exerted upon arterial walls via the pumping of blood from the heart.1 Blood pressure can either be categorized as hypotension (low BP), normotension (Normal BP) or most important clinically as hypertension (High BP). Hypertension is a multi-factorial disease that is defined by having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of greater than 90mmHG based on the average of two or more readings after an initial screening.2
Hypertension presents itself as a major global burden, its prevalence affecting 26.4% of the global adult population in 2000 and with incidence on the rise, this figure is projected to increase to 29.2% by 2025.3 Mortality data for Hypertension has revealed it causes an estimated 12.8% of total deaths on a global scale.4 Hypertension has also been identified as the leading risk factor for mortality and is ranked third as a cause of disability-adjusted life-years.3 The regulation of BP occurs through a comprehensive combination of homeostatic mechanisms including neural (autonomic reflexes), peptides (endothelin & atrial natriuretic peptide), eicosanoids & hormonal factors (renin-angiotensin system & vasopressin).5,6
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Currently, garlic in combination with other botanical supplements is prescribed to an approximate one third of cardiovascular patients.8 This scientific essay has been written with the intended purpose of critically analyzing the up to date evidence and published literature regarding the relationship between garlic and its effects on blood
How does this history of high blood pressure demonstrate the problem description and etiology components of the P.E.R.I.E. process? What different types of studies were used to establish etiology or contributory cause?
...dwin M, Parlow JL. Effects of low-intensity exercise conditioning on blood pressure, heart rate, and autonomic modulation of heart rate in men and women with hypertension. 2009 Oct; Vol. 11 (2), pp. 129-43. Date of Electronic Publication: 2009 Jan 15. Ebscohost. Available from: http://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.elmhurst.edu/ehost/detail?sid=e45c21d6-7074-4dc5-8390-f4e832d5c470%40sessionmgr110&vid=1&hid=126&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=mnh&AN=19150992
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood through your body. Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure. This common condition increases the risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for Americans. High blood pressure contributed to more than 362,895 deaths in the United States during 2010. Approximately 67 million persons in the United States have high blood pressure, and only half of those have their condition under control. An estimated 46,000 deaths could be avoided annually if 70% of patients with high blood pressure were treated according to published guidelines (Patel, Datu, Roman, Barton, Ritchey, Wall, Loustalot; 2014).
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
The Association of UK Dieticians 2012, Hypertension, The British Dietician Association, viewed on 10 May 2014, < https://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/hypertension.pdf>.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is a medical condition where the arteries are constantly experiencing high blood pressure due to the force exerted on the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.
" Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13.5 (2011): 351-56. EBSOHost.com - a. Web. The Web.
Hypertension also known simply as high blood pressure is a common problem related to heart disease. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder. It also speeds up the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise and if necessary medication
There are generally two categories of hypertension, primary hypertension and secondary hypertension. The causes of primary hypertension are usually unknown and it develops gradually over the years. As for secondary hypertension, the causes are mainly underlying other health problems and it develops in a sudden of time. (The Healthline Editorial Team 2013) First of all, hypertension can be related to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin is an enzyme secreted mainly via the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney when the sodium retention and water retention are reduced in the blood. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001) Renin will bind to a substrate which is angiotensinogen and form angiotensin I which is an inactive peptide. (Foëx and Sear 2004) After that, angiotensin I will be rapidly converted to an active peptide angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lungs. As a result, vasoconstriction occurs due to presence of angiotensin II and this increases the blood pressure. Moreover, angiotensin II can stimulate the releasing of aldosterone by adrenal glands. Secretion of aldosterone raises the blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium salts and water to increase sodium and water retentions. (Beevers, Lip, and O'Brien 2001)
Cardiovascular disease is currently the nation’s leading non-communicable cause of morbidity and mortality. According to the American Heart Association, the most common form of cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease, a condition in which the heart’s blood supply is reduced due to a narrowing of the coronary arteries. These arteries play a significant role in regulating the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. As blood circulates through the arteries, it exerts a force against the vessel walls, known as blood pressure. To withstand this pressure, elastic fibers interspersed along the artery walls allow the arteries to expand and recoil. Abnormally high blood pressure, however, will cause these muscles to thicken as a result of tears in the damaged artery walls trapping particles that aggregate as plaque. Progressive build-up of plaque ultimately leads to a narrowing of the arteries, subsequently diminishing blood flow to the heart and other body organs. This cascade of events triggered by high blood pressure illustrates why hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Affecting 1 in every 3 adults in the United States alone, hypertension substantially raises the risk for heart disease in an affected individual who, most likely, does not show any signs or symptoms. In addition to the risks associated with this “silent killer,” comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol can drastically worsen health outcomes in hypertensive patients. Given the high prevalence and severe consequences of hypertension if undetected, researching this particular topic will increase our understanding of the causes of hypertension by identifying and narrowing down lead candidates for pot...
High blood pressure (hypertension) is a major health condition which affects many Americans. This health condition may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. A normal blood pressure consists of systolic blood pressure divided by diastolic blood pressure, 120/80mmHg (millimeters of mercury). High blood pressure is defined as systolic pressure which is greater than 140mm Hg, and diastolic pressure which is over 90mm Hg. Hypertension influences the health outcomes of black Americans more than other races in the United States. Racial discrimination and socioeconomic status are two major factors which influence the rate of high blood pressure in the black American population.
Blood pressure is measured by two pressures; the systolic and diastolic. The systolic pressure, the top number, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts. The diastolic pressure, the bottom number, measures the pressure between heartbeats. A normal blood pressure is when the systolic pressure is less than 120mmHg and Diastolic pressure is less than 80mmHg. Hypertension is diagnosed when the systolic pressure is greater than 140mmHg and the diastolic pressure is greater than 90mmHg. The physician may also ask about medical history, family history, life style habits, and medication use that could also contribute to hypertension
Remembering that prevention is the best cure, we are going to discuss what is high blood pressure, how to easily measure it, and how to effectively prevent it. (Thesis)
The first group ratsserve as normal control and received only 5% CMC(purified grade) orally. Theother four groupswere administered with a single intraperitonealinjection of a freshly prepared solution of Triton-WR 1339 (400 mg/kg),dissolved in normal saline to an overnight fasting (for 18hr) rats.After 72 hours of triton injection, respective treatments were given once daily to all the animals.Second and third groups serve as a positiveand standard control,received 5% CMC and atorvastatin (40mg/kg) respectively.Fourth and fifth grouprats,were supplemented with ethanolic and aqueous extractsof Cinnamon bark (CZEE and CZAE 500mg/kg of each) as shown in Table-1. Both the standard and cinnamon extracts were suspended in 5% CMC solution and were administered orally for seven days, after inducing hyperlipidemia.
Hollenberg was able to conclude that cocoa can lower blood pressure. Participants in a study done by researchers at “Germany’s University of Cologne” were given 3.5 ounces of dark chocolate or white chocolate “every day for two weeks” (Allen Par. 11). The volunteers whom all had “untreated high blood pressure” were then given the other selection of chocolate. The participants’ blood pressure started dropping within ten days of eating the other variety. While the white chocolate bars did not effect the volunteers, the dark chocolate caused “systolic blood pressure (the upper number)” to drop “an average of 5.1 points” and the “diastolic pressure (the lower number)” to drop “an average of 1.8 points” (Allen Par. 12).