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Huntingtons disease summary
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Huntington’s disease can be described as a genetic disorder in which nerve cells in the brain start to degenerate. A single abnormal gene, the basic biological units of heredity, produces Huntington’s disease. There are many symptoms, genetic tests, and treatments to the disease, although there is no cure.
Someone whom has Huntington’s disease will show symptoms. There may be behavioral changes before movement problems like: hallucinations, irritability, paranoia, or restlessness. They might also show signs of abnormal movement like: sudden jerking movements or the limbs, slow uncontrolled movements, and head turning to shift eye position. Other symptoms are loss of memory, personality changes, speech impairment, difficulty swallowing, anxiety, and stress.
Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is shaped like a spiral ladder. On each “step” of this ladder there are two paired chemicals called bases. There are four types of bases, adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). Certain bases pair together for example adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Different combinations of base pairs join to form coded messages in our DNA. For example the different combinations of A, T, C, and G determine the genes function. There are tens of thousands of genes and base pairs of DNA repeated in the nuclei of human cells which can determine an individual’s characteristics. These genes are arranged in specific locations along 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome from each of the pairs comes from that person’s mother, and the other from their father. There is one specific pair which is the 23rd pair which determines the sex of an individual. Other than that the other pairs are similar in bot...
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... A.D.A.M. Editorial. Huntington Disease. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 May 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
"Huntington Disease." - Genetics Home Reference. National Institute of Health, June 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
"NINDS Huntington's Disease Information Page." Huntington's Disease Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). National Institute of Health, 5 Dec. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
Collins, Lucy M, Stanley E Lazic, and Roger A Barker. "A Retrospective Analysis Of Hand Tapping As A Longitudinal Marker Of Disease Progression In Huntington's Disease." BMC Neurology 14.(2014): 35. MEDLINE. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.
Andersson, Petra Lilja, et al. "Ethical Aspects Of Undergoing A Predictive Genetic Testing For Huntington's Disease." Nursing Ethics 20.2 (2013): 189-199. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.
Huntington's Disease and Its Ethics In “Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can having children be immoral,” L.M Purdy discusses the notion that the recent advances in reproductive technology impose a moral obligation on individuals to prevent the birth of “affected” babies that will not have a “minimally satisfying life.” There are, however, several assumptions that the author makes in reaching the conclusion that having “affected” children is immoral. The author makes the claim that people with Huntington’s disease are unlikely to live a minimally satisfying life. It is known however, that Huntington’s disease does not take any affect until 40-50 years of age.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, 1997. Tabular list of neurological and related disorders. In: WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, ed. Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology. Canada: World Health Organisation, p. 153.
...2013) chose to only use male mice in order to avoid the female estrus cycle. Using female mice would enhance this study because females certainly differ biologically from males and may therefore experience different effects of Huntington’s. The knowledge gained as a result of these differences may be beneficial in treating Huntington’s in male and female patients.
ParkinsonDotOrg. "National Parkinson Foundation: Believe in Better." National Parkinson Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.Biology Research Paper: Parkinson’s Disease
In 1993 a consortium of researchers who worked on the DNA samples from families in the Lake Maracaibo region of Venezuela, an area with a high density of HD and significant consanguinity, reported the successful discovery of the gene responsible for the occurrence of this disease, present in chromosome 4 and named it as IT15 (Interesting transcript #15). IT15 later called as the Huntingtin gene (HTT) [2]. HTT is ~10 kilobases (kb) long and translated into a protein of 3144 amino acids with anticipated molecular mass of 348 kDa. Huntigtin protein is expressed in in human and all mammalian cells, where brain and testis has the highest concentration; liver...
Huntington's disease is a progressive brain disorder that is caused by a single defective gene on chromosome 4 — which is one of the 23 human chromosomes that carry a person’s entire genetic code (alz.org, 2013). This defect is dominant, w...
In Gattaca, the plot focuses on the ethics, the risks, and the emotional impact of genetic testing in the nearby future. The film was released in the 90s; yet in the present, the film does not give the impression of science fiction. Today, genetic testing is prevalent in many aspects of the scientific community. This paper will describe genetic testing, its purpose, diagnostic techniques that use genetic testing, relating Huntington’s disease to genetic testing, and the pros and cons of genetic testing.
Parkinson's is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affects the central nervous system. The most common symptoms are movement related, including shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with posture. Behavioral problems may arise as the disease progresses. Due to the loss of dopamine, Parkinson's patients will often experience depression and some compulsive behavior. In advanced stages of the disease dementia will sometimes occur. The implications of the disease on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory and phonatory systems significantly control speech.
Huntington’s disease is named after George Huntington. This disease genetically is an inherited disorder that damages the mind and nervous system. This may affect actions of the body for example like movement, the ability to reason, awareness, and thinking and judgment. It can also affect their behavior. The word genetic is that the disorder is delivered on by each generation of offspring by special codes called genes(Patient.Co.Uk, 2011). Genes are relocated from a parent to offspring and is held to decide some characteristics of the children (Patient.Co.Uk, 2011).
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
Dementia can occur in relation to many different illnesses. Some of the most common of which are Huntington’s Disease,
James Parkinson first discovered Parkinson's Disease in 1817. Parkinson's Disease is a common neurologic disorder for the elderly. It is a disorder of the brain characterized by shaking and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination. This disease is associated with damage to a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic illness that is still being extensively studied.
In today’s world, people are learning a great deal in the rapidly growing and developing fields of science and technology. Almost every day, an individual can see or hear about new discoveries and advances in these fields of study. One science that is rapidly progressing is genetic testing; a valuable science that promotes prevention efforts for genetically susceptible people and provides new strategies for disease management. Unnaturally, and morally wrong, genetic testing is a controversial science that manipulates human ethics. Although genetic testing has enormous advantages, the uncertainties of genetic testing will depreciate our quality of life, and thereby result in psychological burden, discrimination, and abortion.
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
Since the gene for HD is dominant, there is a 50% chance of a sufferer's