The Human African Trypanosomiasis, more commonly referred to as African sleeping sickness, is a biological vector-borne parasitic ("Trypanosomiasis, human african," 2014). The communicable infection is caused by protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma. Transmission occurs to humans by tsetse flies bites. The tsetse flies acquire infection when feeding on blood containing trypomastigotes from infected humans or animals. The parasite will go through asexual reproduction in the fly gut, evolving from a procyclic trypomastigotes to epimastigotes. Eventually moving to the salivary glands of the Tsetse fly where they transform to a metacyclic trypomastigote, which is infectious to humans. Transmission from fly to human happens when an infected tsetse fly passes metacyclic trypomastigotes within the saliva into the blood while feeding. This then becomes trypomastigotes and will proliferate in the blood and other bodily fluids, which leads to disease (Krafsur, 2008). In Africa the tsetse flies inhabit the greenery around rivers, ponds and lakes additionally the disease has posed an immediate health & economic problem across Sub-Saharan Africa.
There are two types of the protozoan parasite disease that infect humans. Trypanosoma rhodesiense East African sleeping sickness is found in areas of eastern and southeastern Africa. Well over 95% of human infection takes place in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Zambia. The primary reservoir for the infection is animals. Cattle are being looked at in the spread of the disease to uninfected areas where new outbreaks occur. Also wild animal are thought to be responsible scattered transmission to outdoor enthusiast and hunters visiting Africa’s publicized game parks. The Infection has found i...
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...rld Health Organization in conjunction through a private partnership with Sanofi and Bayer AG in endemic countries (World Health Organization, 2014).
Getting early diagnosis of African sleeping sickness is essential in view of the diseases natural grim outcome and the toxicity of the medications prescribed during either stage treatment. A blood sample would be a collected to determine if the parasite Trypanosoma rhodesiense is present because the higher levels of parasitaemia found in the blood. As for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense it’s found through a lymph node aspirate due to its lack of presence in the blood. Once confirmed to be infected the collection of Cerebrospinal fluid needs to be taken to see if the central nervous system is compromised. This will indicate disease stage and which course of drug treatment is used ("CDCParasites - African," 2012).
World Health Organization. (2003). The world health report 2003 shaping the future. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=102453
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die.
According to World Health Organization, the statics show that: - The world needs 17 million more health workers, especially in Africa and South East Asia. - African Region bore the highest burden with almost two thirds of the global maternal deaths in 2015 - In Sub-Saharn Africa, 1 child in 12 dies before his or her 5th birthday - Teenage girls, sex workers and intravenous drug users are mong those left behind by the global HIV response - TB occurs with 9.6 million new cases in 2014 - In 2014, at least 1.7 billion people needed interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) (“Global Health Observatory data”, n.d.) B. A quote of Miss Emmeline Stuart, published in the article in
There are a number of symptoms associated with quick detection of malaria they are, being irritable, troubled sleep, poor appetite and drowsiness. Soon after people infected usua...
...t approximately 1%.1, 2, 3, 4 Transmission to humans is either through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids or infection through the bite of an infected mosquito.1, 2, 3, 4 Rift Valley Fever has been found to have a high capacity for colonization which greatly increases its’ potential emergent risk in Western Nations.2 The virus itself can survive a wide range of bioclimatic environments due to its’ transmission routes.2 The introduction of Rift Valley Fever into regions that were previously unaffected may be due to the potential movement of hosts and vectors through trade or migration.2 The mechanical transport of arthropod vectors is the most probable mechanism of disease dispersal.2 The potential for geographical spread of Rift Valley Fever is the reason why the disease has been identified as a priority emerging disease.2
You wouldn’t think the carrier of this disease would come from a little mosquito bite but it does.
is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population
"Ecology and Transmission." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13 June 2012. Web. 01 May 2014. .
Exotic animals carry diseases and infections that can be potentially harmful or fatal to humans, jeopardizing the safety of the community. These diseases range in severity from common ringworm infections from African pygmy hedgehogs to lyssaviruses in p...
Studies had shown that, racial disparities, political and socioeconomic status are one of the most determinants of the use of preventive services. Whereas, public programs of international development agencies during this period were also targeting means of eradicating specific diseases such as malaria, cholera, yaws, smallpox, influenza, cancer and the like. After several years of investment in the vertical interventions, preventable diseases remained a major challenge. Therefore, the international health agencies including experts around the globe began examining other alternative approaches to health improvement which brought ‘’health for all’’ through World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to practioners and the global health planners at the International conference on primary health care in Alma Ata in Kazakhstan. Relative to this, the conference also intended to revolutionize and reform previous health
Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases are treated at home, one in twenty children die of the disease before they reach the age of five. Pregnant women are also more vulnerable to disease and in certain parts of Africa, they are four times as likely to contract the disease and only half as likely to survive it.
Why is it not possible nowadays to diagnose malaria with a set of signs and symptoms?The patient has been coughing for the last two weeks, lost 5 kilograms in weight, and whenever he coughs, very thick sputum in produced. Furthermore, the patient has been having chest pains, fever, sweating especially at night and loss of appetite (Harries, Maher, & Graham, 2004, p. 50). The sputum that is produced on coughing is not thick and is yellow in color (Warrell, Cox, & Firth, 2005, p. 560).
...at researchers are doing to try to eradicate malaria in underdeveloped countries such as Africa.
London, England. The.. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine n.d., Session 5: The role of the state. in global health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. Ricci J.
Preventing diseases is every countries’ responsibility, whether they are poor or rich. Poor countries lack the knowledge and the money to gain, and expand medical resources. Therefore, many people are not been able to be cured. For wealthy countries, diseases are mutating at incredible speeds. Patients are dying because drug companies do not have enough data to produce vaccines to cure patients. When developed countries help poor countries to cure their people, the developed countries could help underdeveloped countries. Since developed countries can provide greater medical resources to poor countries, people living in the poor countries could be cured. As for the developed countries, they can collect samples from the patients so that the drug companies can produce new vaccines for new diseases. When trying to cure diseases, developed countries and poor countries would have mu...