History of Aruba
Although there are no written accounts of Aruba’s early history, much has been determined by archeological excavation. The first known settlers of the island were a tribe of Arawak natives called the Caiquetios. These people were initially located on the South American mainland, and it is assumed that the Caiquetios migrated from Venezuela to Aruba. Due to its lack of natural resources, it can be assumed that Aruba was merely a stopover for a succession of tribes. They were a peaceful people, living under the guidance of a shaman or priest, who also served as the village-chief. The transient nature of Aruba’s population kept the size of the villages small, usually under fifty individuals. The Caiquetios consumed only one meal a day, which was obtained by fishing, following which there would be dancing and drinking of an intoxicating beverage prepared from agaves (Hartog, 9).
On the 26th of July 1499, Alonso de Ojeda discovered the Leeward Islands. There is some debate over whether Aruba’s discovery can be attributed to him because in his original map there were only two unnamed islands, meaning that either Aruba or Bonaire was omitted. However, by 1502 all three islands were placed under the control of Ojeda as belonging to the district of Coro, Spain (Hartog, 26). According to one account, Aruba was given its name by Ojeda based on the Spanish phrase “oro hubo” meaning “there was gold”, but because Diego Colon labeled Aruba as one of the “valueless...
Milanich, Jerald T. and Susan Milbrath., ed. First Encounters: Spanish Exploration in the Caribbean and the United States1492-1570. Gainesville: U of Florida P, 1989.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus was a self-made man who worked his way up to being the Captain of a merchant vessel. He gained the support of the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, for an expedition to the Indies. With the support of the Spanish monarchy, he set off to find a new and faster trade route to the Indies. Upon the arrival of his first voyage, Columbus wrote a letter to Luis de Santangel, a “royal official and an early supporter of his venture,” in February 1493 (35). The epistle, letter, entitled “Letter to Luis de Santangel Regarding the First Voyage” was copied and then distributed in Spain before being translated and spread throughout Europe. The Letter is held in such regard with the people as it is considered the first printed description of the new world. Through his description of the nature of the islands, Columbus decided the future fate of the islands. His description of the vast beauty of the nature around him, declares both the economic and nationalistic motivations for colonizing the new world.
The country of Haiti makes up one third of the island of Hispaniola, which is located in the western hemisphere. The first inhabitants of the island of Hispaniola were the Arawarks, or Tainos. They named the island Ayiti, which means mountainous land. The native West Indians were nomadic in nature and settled in Haiti around 250 C.E. Initially described as primitive by early European colonists, the Tainos had well established societies and religious systems. Their patriarchical society was arranged into a hierarchy. There were multiple kings called caciques over their individual kingdoms. Similarity with other indigenous groups, men did the hard labor. They would work the lands, cultivating fields and hunting for food. Men would also do woodwork including, but not limited to basket weaving. Women on the other hand would contribute to the house work by prepping and cooking food as well as assisting in basket weaving. Tainos were polygamist; the average man would have three wives, the king was able to have ten times more than that.
Due to the serious consequences of the drug problem and its related crimes in the United States, law enforcement identified six goals to handle cases of such nature. The first goal is to reduce the gang violence associated with drug trafficking and prevent the emergence of powerful organized criminal groups. Organized group are the main distribution of drugs in the community. They sell drugs for many reasons. It’s fast money, help fund other criminal activities and difficult for law enforcement to build a case against them for it. The drugs problem brings other crimes into the community. With drugs comes violence, drug wars and death. It is the main cause of the degradation of the community. Therefore, confronting the root of the problem by
Their thatch hut dwellings, or bohios, were typicallly located near water in order to advantage themselves at hunting , fishing and agriculture. The bohios were made from the islands natural resources such as bamboo, grass, tree branches and mud to keep the materials together. The Chief, or Cacique, lived in home at the either the south or north end of the village with all other dwellings spread around the outer edge. The center of the village was truly the life of the party housing the plaza. The plaza was an entertainment area used for ceremonies, dancing and all other activities. Perhaps the most famous thing the Tainos are known for today are their use hamacas, or Hammocks!
Published in 1493, Luis Santangel received the embellished journal of Christopher Columbus as validation for the much-promised riches in the Indies. Centered around an era of power and conquest, Columbus tapered his writings and findings to pacify his Royal sponsors for the voyage. Santangel was also one such wealthy sponsor. Although the tone of the letter was vastly hyperbolic, Christopher Columbus still managed to document the labeling of the numerous islands and its topography. Yet even the size and measurement is a bit exaggerated as well referring to one island being twice as large as that of Great Britain and Scotland. Columbus did his best to acknowledge various “thousands upon thousands” in this letter with that of spiceries and gold mines with mountains in a “thousand shapes...full of trees of a thousand kinds” as well as deeming the exotic islands incomparable to any other islands that “there could be no believing without seeing” firsthand. Colu...
After Leaving Puerto Rico in early March 1513, he sailed northwest to eventually find land that he thought was an island. This island had been the discovery of Florida and then he landed in the vicinity of Saint Augustine. After landing near Saint Augustine, Ponce de Leon claimed the land for Spain. While in the region of Saint Augustine, he had encountered the natives that were living there. He had quickly realized that they were fierce and to settle there, they would need to bring in forces. After several expeditions ended with the death or some other disaster, King Philip II decided that colonizing Florida was not worth it. The king’s men had died from an attack from the Natives and diseases. Therefore, the explorations of Florida came to an end. Thus, the French swooped in and wanted to make Florida theirs, a man named Jean Ribault led the expedition to Florida. The French settled on St. Johns River and built Fort Caroline. The French had traded with the Saturiba tribe for food. When King Philip II found out about Ribault landing in Florida, he sent Pedro Menendez de Aviles, to get rid of the French and to settle there. Menendez docked at Saint Augustine, on August 28, 1565, and on September 6, 1565. However, to the Seloy tribe, it wasn’t a town called Saint Augustine; instead, it was called Seloy. After Menendez landed, the life of the Natives of Seloy was never the same
If you want to join a different faction you have to work for it. They won’t just give you their title. You have to train and go through an extremely tough competition to get into the faction. “I stare at my name on the board. My cheeks feel hot. Al and Christin...
The operational task is to increase the total number of narcotics arrests. The narcotics bureau is expanded and driven to higher levels of productivity. Special task forces are created to deal with brazen street dealing. The patrol force is equipped and encouraged to make more drug arrests. There is much to commend this strategy. First, it is a straight- forward approach that citizens, politicians, and police officers understand. It relies on common sense for its justification. It avoids the trap of being too cute, subtle, or sophisticated. Common strategy to deal with drug trafficking and use is the "Mr. Big" strategy. Its principal operational objective is to reach high levels of the drug distribution systems. The primary tactics are sophisticated investigative procedures using wiretaps, informants, and undercover activities.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
The Vinland Map has been at the center of controversy ever since it appeared around 1957. It depicts several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, but more importantly, an island called Vinland. This island is believed to be part of Canada or even Northeastern America. If the map is truly genuine, then it pre-dates Columbus’ discovery of America by more than 50 years (Gorman, 2002). However, there has been constant doubt surrounding its origins and authenticity. These issues have divided scientists into two camps which seem to ride circles around one another. As soon as new evidence arises, someone disputes it with counterarguments that are just as strong. The controversy has focused most recently on two issues: the ink used to draw the map, and the parchment that it is drawn upon.
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Constituent materials are the fundamental materials required to produce concrete. The constituent materials of concrete consist of mainly three materials which are cement, aggregate and water, with admixtures included as addictive to alter the characteristics of the concrete (Scalenghe et al., 2011). “Cement is the chemically active constituent but its reactivity is only brought into effect on mixing with water” (Dhir & Yap, 1984). According to Bye (1999), in the industry, Portland cement, which was developed in 1824 by using calcium carbonate found in calcareous rocks, namely limestone or chalk and silica, alumina, and iron oxide found in sedimentary rock, namely clay or shale. Bye (1999) said that cement is produced by grinding the quarried limestone to powder form, blending it with water and heat with pulverized coal to drive out water at 100°C, carbon dioxide at 800°C and clinker at 1400°C, which is then cooled, grounded and mixed with 1%-5% gypsum to alter it fineness and goes through final grinding and the cement is ready to be distributed to the market. According to Sismondo & Sergio (2009), aggregate, which builds up the majority of the volume stability and the durability of the resulting concrete and is of lower price than cement, is always used to the maximum extend as possible in the production of concrete for maximum profit. Aggregates ar...
...nimals thrive on the island under the care of the “Spaniards,” and influence the ecology and soils of the island here after.