Hippocampal Memory: An Internet Based Look
The belief that the brain is a box and is made up of various boxes communicating with each other is one that can be quite useful to understanding various aspects of the human experience. It would explain why there are time delays in messages going from one point to another. It also allows for a theory of localization. Localization states that various functions of cognition are held in specific areas of the brain. Looking at the brain as a group of areas communicating to each other to allow the organism to interact and function within its environment, is quite similar to looking at it as a box which has little boxes within it talking to each other. One aspect of the human experience that might be in a box which talks to other boxes would be memory. There has been some evidence for the idea that memory is localized, at least in part in a specific area of the brain. This evidence has come from lesion studies as well as from victims of the disease Alzheimer's. In regards to memory, one are of the brain might be significant, that is the hippocampus. (http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n01/memo/mechanisms.htm)
The hippocampus is a structure in the temporal lobe of the brain. It was the first place where long term potentiation was found. Long term potentiation is believed to affect the brain's plasticity. That plasticity is what might allow for the structural change that occurs when we remember something.
(http://nba19.uth.tmc.edu/nrc/newsltr/winter95/nrcnews2.html) In further studies where lesions were made, the memory of the subjects was found to be affected.One such example would be a study where the researchers leasioned the hippocampus and various other areas in rat's brains and had the...
... middle of paper ...
...tal Cortex Lesions. David M. Compton, H. Randall Griffith, William F. McDaniel, Robert A. Foster, Brenda K. Davis.
http://www.idealibrary.com/cgi-bin/www.idealibrary.com_8100/fetch/0107045b040502000f050504010003010f03/130:1123:4011/1
4)Two Component Functions of the Hippocampal Memory System. Howard Eichenbaum.
http://www.bbsonline.org/Archive/bbs.eichenbaum.html
5)Memory Formation: The Sequence of Biochemical Events in the Hippocampus and Its Connection to Activity in Other Brain Structures. Ivan Izquierdo, Jorge H. Medina.
http://www.idealibrary.com/cgi-bin/www.idealibrary.com_8100/fetch/0101015e040102510f010707060906030f03/130:1123:4263/7
6)MRI of Hippocampus In Incipient Alzheimer's Disease. Mikko Laakso.
http://www.uku.fi/neuro/37the.htm
7)Spatial Cognition, Memory, Hippocampus. Lynn Nadel.
http://w3.arizona.edu/%7Epsych/facsfls/nlri.htm
Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are responsible for both types of amnesia. According to multiple trace theory, the author suggests that hippocampal region plays a major role in effective retrieving of episodic memory (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For example, patients with hippocampal damage show extensively ungraded retrograde amnesia (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). They have a difficult time in retrieving information from their non-personal episodic events and autobiographical memory. However, this theory conflicts with standard model of consolidation. The difference between these theories suggests that researchers need to do more work to solve this controversy. Besides retrieving information, hippocampus is also important in obtaining new semantic information, as well as familiarity and recollection (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). For instance, hippocampal amnesic patient V.C shows in ability to acquire new semantic knowledge such as vocabularies and factual concepts (Cipolotti and Bird, 2006). He is also unable to recognize and recall even...
The hippocampus has been associated with memory formation and consolidation, through lesions studies of bilateral medial temporal lobectomy patients, such as the famously amnesic H.M. In 1971 with the discovery of place cells by O’Keefe and Dostrovsky, spatial navigation was recognised as one of the primary roles of the hippocampus, with their 1978 book ‘The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map' O’Keefe and Nadel’s hypothesis has since commanded great influence in the field.
In the article Hippocampal contributions to recollection in retrograde and anterograde amnesia the authors believed that amnesia was cause my damage to the hippocampus.
The hippocampus and amygdala are two of the most researched areas of the brain. The hippocampus and amygdala are two sections of the limbic system (Pinel, 2014). The hippocampus plays role in for memory “spatial location” (Pinel, 2014, p.70). While the amygala plays a “role in memory for the emotional significance of experiences “(Pinel, 2014, p.278). The relationship between the hippocampus and amygdala is that they both work together to form long term memories, process emotions and determine how the emotions are linked into memories (Pinel, 2014). Although, there is little research to prove that the amygdala stores any memories (Pinel, 2014). If the hippocampus and amygdala are damaged, it can result in many different memory deficits,
Neurology. April 1992. suppl 4.. Pp. 5-7. Rowland, L. P., ed.
“Adolescent girl and Body image.” National Association of Social Worker. National Association of Social Worker Web. 18 Nov 2013
In every story, a female character always seems to play a significant position. No matter how big or minimal their role is, their impact will be of great importance. More than oftentimes the female character will be portrayed in a depressing manner, overall being weak. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the female protagonist Ophelia’s character is conveyed as an obedient woman who tries to please those around her all the while only displeasing herself and the man she loves leading her to live a tragedy that ends her life. This play focuses on Hamlet striving to avenge his father’s death; ruining his life and those around him because of his choices. Ophelia is the girlfriend that tries to abide by him and make him the happiest man he can be but Hamlet is a man full of doubts and internal dilemmas. In regards to
Memory is one of the most puzzling parts of the brain. How can our brain store
For example, a study was done by, Cunningham, (2007), he believed that brain implicit attitudes operates through our unconscious emotion and that because the presentation of subliminal black faces activated our amygdala rather than white faces. The amygdala is known for its negative, and fearful sensitive, now it is also known for positive information after suffering from brain injury. Cunningham, (2007), have demonstrated that the amygdala depending on the perceiver might respond differently with processing affective intensity as opposed to various valence which cause the brain injury person to respond differently. Brain lesions have been linked by researchers and also brain lesions are related to cognitive deficits. The imagery of brain lesions were study in patients. The patient underwent surgery that served their right hemisphere from their left hemisphere. According to, (Sternberg, 2009), the right hemisphere appeared to represent visuospatial knowledge, whereas, the left hemisphere geared move toward symbol based knowledge. Moreover, the right hemisphere also represent being connected to the analogous to our physical environment as well. Nonetheless, the left hemisphere associates imaginal components along with symbols and to collect entirely new information entirely after undergoing brain
Privacy is a constitutional right that is with the interpretation of the Supreme Court when concerning abortion, and other private sexual behaviors (Living Democracy, 2012.) The boundaries government action can result as the threat to privacy of individual. Privacy assures our basic business from government control. The word privacy does not exist in the Constitution. There are no where one could find the words privacy in the Constitution. Nevertheless, the Founding Fathers thought it a fundamental value that America has the right to be protected. Understanding the intention of the Founding Fathers, the Supreme Court interpreted the right to privacy from the original context was given to them. The Bill of Right and other provisions in the Constitution describe the legal protection of an individual. It reflects the concern of the framers for the aspect of protecting pri...
Hamlet is one of the most controversial characters from all of the Shakespeare’s play. His character is strong and complicated, but his jealousy is what conduces him to hate women. He sees them as weak, frail, and untrustworthy. He treats Ophelia, the women he loves, unfair and with cruelty. Similarly, he blames his mother for marrying her dead husband’s brother, who is now the King of Denmark. Hamlet’s treatment for women stems from his mother’s impulsive marriage to his uncle who he hates and Ophelia choosing her father’s advice over him.
the hippocampus function in the brain is related to memory retention and in particular long term memory. It isn’t easy revealing the function of certain parts of the human brain. Findings usually come from accidental damages which people have encountered which in turn provide information on what was damaged and how this has then affected the person. . The hippocampus is responsible for a number of different types of memory, these being semantic and episodic, recollection and familiarity. The experiment conducted, especially the test which incorporated the videos beforehand could definitely fall into the category of familiarity. Some of the videos had been seen by some of the participants before undertaking the test, this could have either
With particular reference to Hamlet, feminist critics might explore the characters of Ophelia and Gertrude and how they challenge—or fail to challenge — the domination of male characters. Feminist critics would also be interested in exploring how the play expresses ideas about femininity that were common in Shakespeare's lifetime and how complicit Shakespeare is in Hamlet's personal misogyny. … Elaine Showalter's essay "Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism" explores the difficulties, even embarrassments, that feminist critics have had in approaching Ophelia. The problem is that Ophelia has tended to be overshadowed by Hamlet, even by feminist critics, who then feel the need to liberate Ophelia from obscurity. However, even liberated Ophelia is problematic for she suggests some potentially troubling connections between femininity, female sexuality, and madness.
The Reformation was a decisive period in the history not only for the Catholic Church, but also for the entire world. The causes of this tumultuous point in history did not burst on the scene all at once, but slowly gained momentum like a boil that slowly festers through time before it finally bursts open. The Reformation of the Church was inevitable because of the abuses which the Church was suffering during this period. At the time of the Reformation, a segment of the Church had drifted away from its mission to bring Christ and salvation to the world. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Church had gradually become weaker because of abusive leadership, philosophical heresy, and a renewal of a form of the Pelagian heresy.
Hamlet, by William Shakespeare is a well known play, that not only tells a tragedy about revenge and philosophical thinking, but it indirectly emphasizes societies’ views toward women. Shakespeare does a fantastic job at depicting the expected behavior and roles of women through his female characters; Ophelia and Gertrude. Gertrude and Ophelia are portrayed as weak and dependent, a common belief of society toward many women of the time. Hamlet was written and published during the late middle ages (14th -15th century). A time when women were necessary, simply due to their child bearing abilities. They were to be seen as their husband's property, and if they were unfortunate enough to lose their husbands, they would most likely follow command from the next man-most likely their son. The views of this era are clearly shown through the actions and behavior of women in this play. Shakespeare’s play Hamlet captures the stigma, that still exists today: women are weak and dependent upon their male counterparts.