Henry Gustav Molaison known by his initials H.M. In 1953, he was admitted to a hospital in Hartford, to an experimental brain operation to correct a seizure disorder, only that it emerged from it fundamentally and irreparably altered. After the operation, he suffered from a syndrome that neurologists call deep amnesia. He had lost the ability to form new memories.
During the remaining 55 years of life, every time he met with a friend, every time he ate, or every time he walked in the woods, it was as if it were for the first time. And during those five decades, he was recognized as the most important patient in the history of neuroscience. As a participant in hundreds of studies, I help scientists understand the biology of learning, memory
Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., & Cohen, N. J. (1992). The hippocampus—what does it do? Behavioral
He was engaged to his pen pal during this time whom he met while still being incarcerated. During a visit from his mother for Christmas, she explained that she didn’t approve of her son’s wife-to-be which caused many fights and arguments in the house.
In 1801 President Thomas Jefferson asked Meriwether Lewis to act as his private secretary. Meriwether Lewis was a skilled frontiersman and an amateur scientist. Around 1804 Thomas Jefferson made Meriwether Lewis another offer, he asked him if he would led an expedition into the lands west of the Mississippi. Lewis asked one of his closet friend, William Clark, if he would join Lewis in this expedition; William Clark agreed to be his co-captain. Meriwether Lewis was an extraordinary man for the things he's accomplished as a frontiersman, amateur scientist, an intellectual and a explorer.
Over a three week period in October 2002 a series of random sniper attacks paralyzed the Washington D.C. area. The shootings happened in in various establishments such as super markets, gas stations, restaurants and near schools turning normal tranquil areas into chaotic murder fields. There were no age group, gender or ethnicity that was safe, Victims were randomly selected and everyone was targeted. After the murderous spree, ten people were declared dead and several others wounded. The perpetrators were finally apprehended while they were sleeping at a resting spot and later identified as forty-one-year-old John Allen Muhammad and his seventeen-year-old Jamaican-American protégé, Lee Boyd Malvo.
“Carrying his own cross, he went out to the place of the Skull (which in Aramaic is called Golgotha). There they crucified him, and with him two others—one on each side and Jesus in the middle,” (John 19:17-18). Jesus Christ’s valiant life was terminated with a horrendous execution. Tom Robinson’s did as well. He lived his life in the name in the name of others, helping everyone that he could, going out of his way to save people, even Judas, who would betray him. Tom did this aswell, constantly assisting Mayella, she who would betray him in court. Jesus had followers who believed in his message, just as Tom had believers in his innocence. Jesus and his followers would face persecution, just as Tom and hisi believers would. The judgements and death sentences of Jesus and Tom would make them become martyrs. The Martyrdoms would be essential for their causes. Many aspects of Tom Robinson’s life and death
Long ago in the year, 1863, on a many acred farm, there lived a man by the name, Augustus McCallister. McCallister was a wealthy,scoldful and greedy man who inherited land formerly owned by his father in which flourished with many crops and income. How could a single man run such an abundance of land, you may ask? The land was ran by slaves who day by day, harvested crops with gloveless hands which were torn and battered by the thorns of the brush. Who walked on dried,rough and tilled ground with shoeless feet. Who worked in the heat of the day without an ounce of water or a shirt on their back. McCallister would whip the men till they were blue in the face, if the commands he gave at the beginning of the day were not met. He would beat the women till they no longer recognizable for simply making a dish that he did not fancy. The children were cursed at and scolded for playing instead of working. He was a very cruel man and he enjoyed every second of it.
The Great Mahele was the division of land created by Kamehameha III in 1848. There are four parts in the Great Mahele, and the parts of the division belonged to the king, the ali’i, the maka’ainana, the foreigners, and whoever wanted to buy land, bought land. The Mahele was created because Kamehameha III was afraid that the foreigners who had a lot of power, would take over all of the Hawaiian Islands. Previously on the islands of Tahiti, the French had taken over by force and Kamehameha III was worried the same would happen to them. The Mahele was an unjustified act because first, the foreigners treated the Hawaiians unfairly, secondly the property of the Hawaiians was destroyed, and lastly the Hawaiians were short on supplies to live (Borreca).
Slavery was a horrible institution that was widely practiced in the Southern and Mid-Atlantic states in the United States during the antebellum period. It was formally abolished in the United States in 1865, but is still practiced on a very small scale today. It also happens in other countries. Slavery is having somebody who does everything for you without pay. Usually if a slave refused to do their work, they were abused. Three important people who supported slavery in the United States were James Henry Hammond, John C. Calhoun, and William Harper.
Therefore, they summarize that the reason why Clive suffers in the Amnesia is caused by the hippocampus is not affected. The Hippocampus is a structure that is located inside the temporal lobe, and that is a part of the limbic system. The function of the Hippocampus is similar to a post office used for encoding, storage and recalling memories, all presenting information would first remain, analysed and encoded in the Hippocampus then transmit them to different areas of the brain. In other words, Clive is unable to encode memory and hold information which is currently aware, and it is difficult to form new long-term memory such as explicit and semantic memory. Clive Wearing, now 78 years old, still cannot recover from the anterograde amnesia, he becomes a man who has the shortest memory in the world.
Since memory is a puzzling part in the brain, it has been studied over the years.
In 1906, Dr. Alois Alzheimer discovered a “peculiar disease”. Dr. Alzheimer was an expert in linking symptoms to microscopic brain changes. Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of Auguste D., a patient who had died of an unusual mental disease. Her symptoms ranged from memory loss to unpredictable behavior. Afte...
Making and storing memories is a complex process involving many regions of the brain. (3). Most experts agree that we have two stages of memories - short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory is the immediate memory we have when we first hear or perceive someth...
He continues to have a grasp on language and facts which he, I assume, learned earlier in his life. For example, when his wife is asking him is Reading should be familiar to him and he remarks on the spelling of the city and its pronunciation. He has also retained his ability to read and perform music. I found it interesting that he was able to play entire songs (which obviously last longer than seven seconds) but couldn’t read a book because he would forget what had come before. Perhaps there is an entirely different area of the brain at work in the memory or retrieval of music? As far as his ability to create new semantic memory, the only possible evidence I viewed in the film was when he was shaving in front of the mirror and there was a note to the side. It was a list of things for him to do like brush teeth, shave, etc but I also noticed, dentures on the list. He surely knows the definition of dentures from before but I wonder if he knew how to care for dentures (which I assume are something he has needed post illness) or if that was something he possibly learned to do since his illness and has retained that knowledge. Other than that, I didn’t notice anything that he learned and then retained that information since his
Henry Molaison or known as HM contributes to the deep understanding of memory by previous scientists and until now. His case had been a huge research and discussions among the well known scientists during his time and these results in the study of memories. Henry Molaison is living with a severe epilepsy where he need to undergo a surgery as medications were no longer gave him effects for his disease. So, his surgeon William Beecher Scoville suction out both of his hippocampus and when he got recovered from the surgery, his doctor realised that, Henry was having amnesia and seek him for another doctor. What confusing the doctors is that, even though the surgery was a success where Henry seizures decreasing; he is now facing dense memory loss. Then, once it was realized that the hippocampus plays a crucial roles for memory; the surgery of removing hippocampus was then banned for all and this brings to deep study of memory and hippocampus.
Highlighting this concept is the case of Susie Mckinnon, who lacks episodic memory. Though she lacks episodic memory, she does have intact semantic memory, which is another form of explicit long term memory. The WIRED article by Erika Hayasaki, reflects Mckinnon’s unique perspective and how she was able to become aware of her deficiency, as she was not uniquely aware something was wrong with her until high school and further research. By analyzing Mckinnon’s case in respect to the findings of Allen and Fortin, this allows one to understand why episodic memory is evolutionarily important for functionality and interactions in daily life.