Epidemiology
Outbreaks of Hendra virus have been recorded across Queensland and New South Wales. Since its first emergence in 1994, there have been 49 recorded outbreaks of Hendra, all involving infection of horses. As a result of these events, over 80 horses have died or been euthanased (AVA, 2014). 7 human cases of infection have occurred involving individuals in close contact with infected horses, with 4 of these individuals dying, giving a fatality rate of 57% (DAFF, 2013).
Fruit bats (flying foxes) are the natural reservoir hosts of Hendra, which means they can carry the virus with little effect on them. There are four species of this bat native to Australia, all shown to carry the virus - the little red flying fox, black flying fox, grey-headed flying fox and spectacled flying fox. There are populations of flying foxes present in every state of Australia except Tasmania, with the potential for outbreak in any of these areas. The timing of incidents correlates with their breeding season, with the flying foxes giving birth between April and May. Timing of outbreaks also seems to be more likely during the cooler months, where there are favourable conditions for environmental survival of the virus (Fogarty et. al., 2008).
Research conducted on different animal species has found that cats, pigs, hamsters, ferrets, African green monkeys, guinea pigs and mice can be infected with Hendra virus and will develop clinical signs. Meanwhile rats, rabbits and dogs will not show any clinical signs when exposed to the virus, but will develop antibodies (Westbury et. al., 1995). Two cases of dogs infected with Hendra have been confirmed on separate properties, both of which had previously contained Hendra infected horses (DAFF, 2013).
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...ene & cleaning is important, making sure to wash hands thoroughly, cover any skin abrasions, and use the correct chemical agents and disinfectants. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) must be worn, including disposable gloves, a particular respirator, eye protection, overalls and rubber boots. Safe handling, transport, storage and disposal of clinical waste, sharps, contaminated clothing, pathology specimens and animal manure must be performed.
When a suspected or confirmed Hendra case occurs, the premises may be placed under quarantine with specific disease control programs in place. However this does not always happen, and sometimes the sick/dead animal will just be isolated from all other humans and animals, until euthanasia and carcass disposal can occur. The proper disposal methods include either deep burial or burning of the carcass (DAFF, 2013).
Kasie said while she is working she has to reconstitute medication, compounding IV/fluid drips, pull single dose P.O. medications and oral syringes for patients to be delivered to med rooms, check for expired drugs, and package unit dose medication. She said she enjoys working in the environment very much. The dress code is to wear vestex scrubs, which are antimicrobial and bodily fluid/fluid resistant.
In 1994, a stable in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia broke out with an unknown respiratory disease that resulted in thirteen horses and one horse trainer severely ill, resulting in death. [7, 8] This disease was isolated by scientists and later classified as the Hendra virus. The Hendra virus (HeV), previously unknown, is now classified under the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus along with its sister viruses the Nipah Virus and Cedar virus.[7, 9] HeV has the capability of causing fatal diseases in several animal species including humans.[1] The primary host of the Hendra virus was identified as the flying fox species from the genus Pteropus[1,2,3] that resides and migrates through Northeastern Australia[8] or more specifically, the East coast of Australia to Melbourne and west across Northern Australia to Darwin[7].
All members of the cat family (Felidae) are susceptible to infection with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), as are raccoons, and minks, in the family Procyoniclae. Three major body sytems are affected by FPV. FPV specifically depresses the white blood cells and thus the immune system of the host, it attacks the rapidly reproducing cells lining the gut, and FPV affects the reproducing cells of the cerebellum and the retina of the eye when they are in their developing stage. The system it chooses depends on the age of the cat at the time of infection.
More than 375,000 nail technicians face possible health hazards everyday (“Health Hazards”). Today’s salons are investing in the latest products. Sanitation is the most important in any salon to prevent disease or injury to cosmetologists and for clients. The ingredients in these hair products are becoming stronger for some clients to handle. Cosmetologists need to understand how to keep ourselves and our clients safe. Tools, implements, and cleaning furniture is the most important. Customers are always going to be coming in and out of the salon. Cosmetologist will not always know who the person is in the salon. Wash and sanitize your hands before and after a client. Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) will also help prevent disease (Frangie). To prevent disease and bacteria, cosmetologists need to sanitize the tools and furniture before and after they give a service to a client.
is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population
Safety is focused on reducing the chance of harm to staff and patients. The 2016 National Patient Safety Goals for Hospitals includes criteria such as using two forms of identification when caring for a patient to ensure the right patient is being treated, proper hand washing techniques to prevent nosocomial infections and reporting critical information promptly (Joint Commission, 2015). It is important that nurses follow standards and protocols intending to patients to decrease adverse
As a standard precaution against bodily fluids or blood borne pathogens the medical assistant and the doctor would don their personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, face shield, and gown. Next, the medical assistant will prepare the following materials in preparation of the procedure: 1% or 2% lidocaine in a 10cc syringe/25 gauge needle, skin prep solution, #11 scalpel blade with handle, gauze, hemostat, scissors, iodoform, tape, and culture swab. After the materials have been prepped the doctor will clean the abscess with skin prep and drape the wound with sterile fenestrated drape. Anesthetic in the form of lidocaine with a 10cc syringe and 25-gauge needle will be injected around the abscess. The doctor will allow 3-5 minutes for the anesthetic to take affect before making an incision into the abscess. Once the incision is made the doctor will allow pus to ooze and drain out. While the pus is draining out, the culture swab will be inserted in to the abscess where a culture is taken so the origin of the infection is identified incase further treatment is needed. Using the hemostat the doctor will explore the abscess and continue to soak up the pus with the gauze. With a syringe and normal saline the doctor will irrigate
When researching diseases that affect animals, I chose to research one that deals with cattle. This disease would be a reproductive venereal disease called vibriosis. Vibriosis can affect all breeds of cattle, male or female, and is the most important cause of infertility in female cattle along with occasional abortions. This disease is caused by bacteria that live in the crevices of a bull’s prepuce, of a bull aged four years or older (Hansen, 1914). Age is a factor because the foreskin of a bull does not develop until then. The disease is spread from an infected bull to a cow during breeding. A bull might be clean, but then infected by a cow who was infected by a bull before him. Many bulls can go years without showing any signs of this disease, whereas female cattle may lose a calf to an abortion the next coming calving season.
horrible disease was spread by infected rats and fleas and killed 1/4 to 1/3 of the
There are different species of trichinella that can cause human disease, which has much disturbance worldwide. There are several species of trichinella that have been discovered. They include T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. native (Artic bears), and T. britovi (carnivores of western Asia and Europe) (CDC, 2012). In the United States, there are less cases reported now than in the past. In the 1940’s, the United States Public Health Services began tracking the number of trichinellosis cases. There were 400 cases in the United States each year on average (CDC, 1997-2001). From 2008 to 2010, 20 cases were reported each year on average (CDC, 2012).
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
The purpose of this paper is to focus on a subject within my educational field that I can research and inform the public about. I plan to become a veterinarian .which would require my daily contact with humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are risk factors that I have to be aware of in order to protect myself as well as my patients and their owners. Luckily developments in medicine have made it possible to cure zoonotic diseases and even prevent them from ever being contracted.
(2014) shed light on two key components for infection control, which includes protecting patients from acquiring infections and protecting health care workers from becoming infected (Curchoe et al., 2014). The techniques that are used to protect patients also provide protection for nurses and other health care workers alike. In order to prevent the spread of infections, it is important for health care workers to be meticulous and attentive when providing care to already vulnerable patients (Curchoe et al., 2014). If a health care worker is aware they may contaminate the surroundings of a patient, they must properly clean, disinfect, and sterilize any contaminated objects in order to reduce or eliminate microorganisms (Curchoe et al., 2014). It is also ideal to change gloves after contact with contaminated secretions and before leaving a patient’s room (Curchoe, 2014). Research suggests that due to standard precaution, gloves must be worn as a single-use item for each invasive procedure, contact with sterile sites, and non-intact skin or mucous membranes (Curchoe et al., 2014). Hence, it is critical that health care workers change gloves during any activity that has been assessed as carrying a risk of exposure to body substances, secretions, excretions, and blood (Curchoe et al.,
...s and hoses, control buttons, switches, hand pieces, and X-ray units (Collins). After every patient’s visit, the operatory is to be sterilized and disinfected. All areas that were that were not covered with a barrier, or if the barrier was compromised, must be wiped down with surface disinfectants similarly used in hospitals. OSHA requires disinfectants to be potent enough to fight against HIV and HBV infections (Collins). If there is any blood present on a surface, tuberculocidal type disinfectant should be utilized.
Geoffrey Garnet and Edward C. Holmes. “The Ecology of Emerging Infectious Disease.” Bioscience. Vol. 46 Issue 2 (1996).