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Components of the health belief model
Components of the health belief model
Components of the health belief model
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Many health behavioral change models have been used for reducing the burden of diseases and death whether at an individual or community level. The models that use in health campaigning are helpful in identifying potential points of interventions (Snelling, 1957 & ebrary, 2014). One of the oldest and most popular models used to inform behaviour change interventions is the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM model concept is based on beliefs about health that play an important role in preventive health behaviors. It contains four constructs that predict why people will take action to prevent, to control, or to screen illness conditions; these include perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers (Viswanath,
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is the most widely used theory in health behavior applications, including health education and health promotion. The model is based on the principle that individuals are more probable to participate in a health-related action, if the person believes that he/she can prevent an unfavorable health ailment by completing such an action. HBM hypothesizes that in order to design a successful educational intervention program, the person’s perceived susceptibility, perceived severity of the illness and its ramifications; perceived benefits in taking particular measures to lower risk; perceived barriers, and cues to action are required. In it’s most general sense, the model suggests that the essential human necessities, outlooks, and reasoning practices must be recognized and comprehended before planners can develop an effective intervention program. The HBM is constructed in a manner that is easily followed and its components are easily relatable to chronic diseases such as anorexia nervosa (AN). The HBM is a predictor of preventative health; our program’s main goal is the prevention of AN, and the reduction of susceptibility in adolescents. The planners of “NO body is perfect, but EVERY body is beautiful” has applied the Health Belief Model to the anorexia prevention program because of its significant influence of the acknowledgment that prevention requires individuals to take action in the lack of sickness. Several elements of the HBM can be used in guiding the development of intervention activities in the health promotion program.
The Health Belief Model (HBM) comes from the psychological and behavioral theorists. The premise is that there are two parts involved in health related behavior. “People are more inclined to engage in a health behavior when they think doing so can reduce a threat that is likely and would have severe consequences if it occurred.” (Brewer & Rimer, 2008, p. 152). The patient believes that a specific health action will prevent or cure the illness. How the individual responds depends on the perceived benefits and barriers of that health behavior.
Firstly, as a GP, it is crucial to explore the biopsychosocial model of health. One must realise that biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to a person’s overall health. The social dimension cannot be ignored in Anne’s case. According to the World Health Organisation, the social determinants of health are ‘the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age.’ (World Health Organisation. 2013) From the information provided, one could suggest that various social factors have contributed to Anne’s obesity. Anne grew up in a deprived area of the inner city. Growing up in a deprived area does not directly cause obesity, however, social determinants are known as causes of the causes of ill health. (WMA. 2011) Obesity can be caused by consuming too many calories, leading a sedentary lifestyle and not sleeping enough. (Christian Nordqvist. 2011) These, in turn, could be referred to as consequences of living in the inner city. Studies have shown that ‘inner city parents have high levels of anxiety about neighbourhood safety. While these concerns may not entirely explain the discrepancy in activity levels between inner city and suburban children, a safe environment is crucial to increasing opportunities for physical activity.’ (Weir, L.A., Etelson, D. & Brand, D.A. 2006) Similarly, it is possible that Anne’s socio-economic status has influenced her smoking since a person below the poverty threshold is more likely than somebody at or above the threshold to be both a current smoker and not to have quit. (Flint, A.J. & Novotny, T.E. 1997)
This essay will demonstrate how health psychology can aid nurses in caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It will look at how stigma can impact on the behaviour of patients with HIV as well as explain causes for non adherence. Health psychology studies thoughts, emotions and behaviours related to health and illness. It uses a biopsychosocial approach which considers all aspects of a person's life. Health psychology allows nurses to have a better understanding of how patients perceive health, what influences health risk behaviours and what prompts people to adopt healthy behaviours (Ogden, 2012a). The health belief model (HBM), which was developed in 1966 by Rosenstock, is used as a way of explaining why people choose to use health protection behaviours (Pitts and Phillips, 1998). For the purpose of this essay the HBM will be applied to HIV to demonstrate how it can explain why some people choose not to use condoms.
The association between health beliefs and intentions or actual performance of health behaviours has been examined extensively within the theoretical framework of social cognitive models such as the Health Belief Model (e.g. Rosenstock, 1974), and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (e.g. Ajzen, 1985). These theoretical approaches have a number of overlapping constructs (Norman & Conner, 1996), and personal models also have similarities with elements of social cognition theories. However, personal models are unique in that they are empirically based, originating in studies of patients. Focusing on Illness cognition within the con...
The HBM has four concepts; (1) perceived susceptibility is the personal belief that condition or illness is unavoidable, (2) perceived severity- this is personal or individual view of the amplitude of the illness and the consequences, (3) perceived benefits, individual thoughts of the availability and the recommended actions to avoid such as smoking cessation. (4) Perceived barrier refers to all the negative features of particular health action (Rawlett,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005). Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice – Second Edition. NIH.
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories of health behavior. It was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Services to better understand the widespread failure of tuberculosis screening programs. Today it continues to be one of the most widely used theories. Research studies use it to explain and predict health behaviors seen in individuals. There is a broad range of health behaviors and subject populations that it is applied in. The concepts in the model involve perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals being studied create an understanding of their readiness to act on a health/behavioral factor based on their particular opinions on selected conditions. Several modifying factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or level of education, etc. can determine one’s opinion on their perceived threat of obtaining a disease such as lung cancer based on the severity of the triggers causing the illness. Their likelihood to change an opinion or behavior depends on their perceived benefits or certain barriers that may be out of their control. Interventions can be used to promote health behavior changes and aid in persuading or increasing awareness on a particular issue.
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
The Health Belief Model is still a working model. “The HBM derives from psychological and behavioral theory with the foundation that the two components of health-related behavior are 1) the desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if already ill; and, 2) the belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure, illness.” (LaMorte) Therefore, an individual’s actions depend on the person and what he or she believes to be helpful and beneficial to their
The Health Belief Model originated in the 1950’s by social psychologist in the United States working for the public health services. They were trying to explain the widespread failure of people not wanting to participate in programs to prevent or detect disease (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, pg. 46). Since the 1950’s, the model has been widely accepted to conceptualize frameworks in health behavior research in order to both explain change and maintenance in health related behaviors as well as a guide to incorporate health behavior interventions (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, pg. 45). The Health Belief Model consist of several key constructs, which are perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self efficacy. According to Rosenstock, 1974, “these combined levels of susceptibility and severity provide the energy or force to act and the perception of benefits provide a preferred path to action (Glanz, Rimer & Viswanath, 2008, pg. 49).” In other words, allowing an individual to come to terms with their own health risk and susceptibility may allow people to formulate a change based on their own belief system given the perceived risk or benefits.
The Health Beliefs model is a psychological health behavioral change once individuals realized the danger or possible outcome of a medical condition.
Health behaviour theorists have long attested to the importance of social influences in health decision making. For example, the prominent Social Cognitive Theory builds in a construct of outcome expectancies, of which social outcome expectancies, or the value of the anticipated reaction of those in one’s environment, play a role. In essence, an individual is going to consider anticipated approving or disapproving responses, by his/her peers, to a particular health decision, and the perceived reaction will affect the decision that is made (Lusczynska and Schwarzer, 2007). The Theory of Planned Behaviour describes the social influence as subjective norms, which are individual’s beliefs that significant others think that they should engage in a behaviour (Conner and Sparks, 2007). For example, an adolescent may decide to begin smoking if he thinks that his friends have favourable attitudes towards smoking behaviour. Other models have focused on more of a learning and observing approach, such as the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour, which speaks more specifically about social group subcultures and norms and their facilitating effect on health behaviour decisions (Norman and Conner, 2007). Though these theories describe the effects of the social environment on an individual, at the very base level the individual is consciously making the decision of which health behaviour to engage in. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a technique that can be used to develop a richer description of the social environment. In addition to identifying peer groups, SNA creates a structural map of the relationships in a given community, and these can be examined on several different levels, including the individual or sub-group level.
There are two main ways to change people’s outlook on their lifestyle to make them healthier and acquire more knowledge, which are Health Belief Model and Trans-theoretical Model. They both have a number of similarities as well as differences in their structure. First of all, the HBM is a psychological model that attempt to explain and predict health behavior, it mainly concentrates on the attitude and changes of individuals’ behaviors. The modification bases on the perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. In order to achieve successful revolution, people need to overcome their obstacles and believe that they could pursue their goal. On the other hand, the TTM prepares for individuals to ready to change their health
This is mainly because of its central constructs to change the perception of individuals about health. According to Green & Murphy (2014), perceived susceptibility refers to the individual’s opinion of the chances of contracting a particular disease or condition. Whenever such individuals feel they are at a high risk for falls, for example they will change their behavior accordingly. The second component of the model has perceived severity which entails the person’s view of the seriousness of the consequence of the disease. This strategy is applied to specify the implications of possible illness. Patients will follow fall prevention actions when they understand that falls could lead to harm. Perceived benefits involve the individual’s belief in the value of the selected approaches of reducing risk of diseases. This enables the individual to take action to change the behavior. When clients realize the benefits of fall prevention strategies, they are likely to honor them. The perceived barriers enable the individual to embrace the recommended suggestion to avoid challenges associated with new behavior. Major strategies often utilized in the process of reducing the obstacles include reassurance, assistance, and incentives. Individuals have to believe in their abilities to carry out the strategies such as using a gait belt or a walker to prevent falls. This model strives