Gout is a form of arthritis. It is actually considered the most painful forms of arthritis. It occurs when too much uric acid builds up in the body, also known as a high concentration of uric acid. When your body has too much uric acid this can throw off your homeostasis affecting your toes, wrist, elbows and other parts of your body that may be affected by gout. Uric acid is hydrogen with the formula C5H4N403. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine and nucleotides. The metabolic breakdown disorder called hyperuicemia, which leads to the deposition of monosodium means too much uric acid in blood. Gout is also associated with an increased risk of kidney stones.
For many people the first attack of gout occurs in the big toe. The toe will be very sore, appear red, and swollen. Gout can also affect ankles, heels, knees, wrist, fingers, and elbows as well. This form of arthritis is mostly common in men and was said to be a “King’s disease,” which means only people of certain wealth was affected by the disease because they could afford foods such as steak and seafood. The risks factors for gout include being overweight or obese, having hypertension, alcohol intake (beer and spirits more than wine), diuretic use and a diet rich in meat and seafood.
It is diagnosed by aspirating and microscopic analysis for urate crystals in joint fluid or a tophus, which is a deposit of urates in tissues (as cartilage) that is a characteristic of gout. Urate crystals are negatively birefringent under polarized light. Infection must be ruled out. I personally have observed the doctor I work with perform the aspirating of a patient’s knee to have th...
... middle of paper ...
...ric acid the gout attacks can be prevented. Uloric may be a better choice for select patients over allopurinol because Uloric is metabolized by the liver in addition to being excreted by the kidney. This allows safe use of Uloric in patients with reduced renal function. Allopurinol is exclusively excreted in the urine and used in patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction needs especial caution. Uloric with its dual metabolism can be used in patients with more significant renal disease. Data presented by the manufacturer states that 70% of patients taking Uloric 80 mg daily will achieve uric acid levels <6mg/dl vs. only 40% of patients taking allopurinol 300 mg daily.
Although there have not been reported known deaths due to gout attacks, this disease is very painful if you experience an attack, but you may find comfort in knowing it is not life threatening.
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
hurt in hockey a year and if people do get hurt it’s not very severe.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017). This disease affects the entire body, which is called a systemic (means entire body) disease. Arthritis is derived from the word part arthr-, which means “joint,” and -itis, which means “inflammation,” so altogether it means “inflammation of the joints.” It creates inflammation that causes the tissue that lines the inside of joints (synovium) to thicken. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. are affected. It affects all races, but it affects three times as many women than men (What is Rheumatoid Arthritis, n.d.). Overtime, rheumatoid arthritis causes painful swelling that can potentially result in bone erosion or joint deformity, which leads up to physical disabilities. RA can affect more than just your joints, but can spread to body systems, skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood vessels, e.t.c (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017).
A kidney stone or crystal forms when the urine is supersaturated in regard to a stone forming material, meaning the urine contains a higher concentration of stone material than it can dissolve. There are several factors that can contribute to supersaturation, such as urine volume, pH, and the amount of solute excretion (Worcester and Coe 2009). There are numerous types of stones that can form depending on what material in the urine is in excess. The most common types of stones are calcium kidney stones with calcium oxalate (CaOx) causing 80% of all calcium stones and calcium phosphate (CaP) causing 15% of calcium stones (Sakhaee et al. 2012). Calcium oxalate stones are usually found in patients as white deposits on their papillae, or Randall’s plaques. The stone begins as a deposit of calciu...
General: Patient is alert, oriented, not in acute distress. Not in labored breathing. Gait is non-antalgic. Cooperative and talkative mood affect. On exam of left knee inspection noticed some swelling compared with the right. Tenderness and swelling in left knee medial aspect. The scar from anterior knee is well healed. No sign of infection. Vascular exam is normal, dorsalis pedis pulses posterior, tibial pulses and capillary refill. Neurologic exam is within normal limits. Sensation and motor is intact. Motor and sensory are intact equal bilaterally. Hyperextension and flexion is within normal limits. Lachman test is negative. Knee anterior drawer test is negative. McIntosh test is negative. Inspection is no ecchymosis but there is a mild swelling in the medial
Kidney stones, a very common urinary tract disorder that is now really rampant in humans especially. Some causes of kidney stones are still being argued from whether it is due to what is consumed or having a history in the family. There are some common kidney stones which are phosphate, oxalate and calcium. This kidney stones may vary in sizes, in other words if the kidney stones in one that is small then there is a less tendency to notice. Although, most people would notice when they starting filling pains that feel like cramps on the back and the side in area around the kidney or lower abdomen. Due to the blockage of urine by the insoluble salt this causing more concentrated urine.
...se it eventually kills. I learned about Lupus from my mother who struggles to be healthy on a daily basis and also from my aunt who thought she was dying from Liver failure, but it was the Lupus that eventually killed her. I only hope that you have come to understand Lupus and the unpredictable nature that accompanies it.
Stone forming substances are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and amino acid cystine.1 Calcium oxalate stones often occur in patients with excess amount of calcium or oxalate that are not excreted by the body. Calcium phosphate stones are usually linked to hyperparathyroidism. Uric acid stones often occur in patients who have a history of gout, high protein diet, and minimal hydration. Amino acid cystine stones occur in patients with a hereditary disorder that causes their kidneys to excrete too much amino acid.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting more than 27 million Americans (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). It is caused when the cartilage in the joints breaks down, causing the bones of the joint to rub against one another. This causes pain, stiffness, and loss of motion in the joint. Osteoarthritis is most prevalent in those 65 and older, but can affect those of any age. In addition, African Americans and Hispanics report a higher incidence of arthritis than Caucasians (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). Although the cause is unknown, it is believed that the increasing age of the population, prevalence of obesity and injuries add to the progression of the condition. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body; however, those of the hand, hip, and knee are often the most common. This condition may be asymptomatic, or may present symptoms including soreness, stiffness and pain. The symptoms are more common in the older population, those with limited activity levels, and those who are obese. Joint cartilage thins over time, causing an increased risk for symptoms in the elderly, and obesity puts extra pressure on the joints during activity. Osteoarthritis is commonly diagnosed with the use of a physical assessment along with results of radiology testing such as X-Ray and MRI.
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
As mentioned before, psoriatic arthritis has no cure. The only way to overcome it is by working against its effects on the body. Reducing inflammation, stiffness, and pain are the main ways of fighting with the disease. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils and any other food substances can perform the function effectively. It is unfortunate that there are no clear causes of the immunity turning against the joints. This makes it difficult to establish better ways of preventing the occurrence of the disease. Therefore, when you are infected with the disease, try reducing the damage using fish oils.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is when the joints are chronically inflamed, which happens because it is an autoimmune disease which means that the immune system attacks the body tissues. Although Rheumatoid Arthritis mainly affects the joints, it can also affect other organs.
Omeprazole belongs to the family of medications called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It slows or prevents the production of acid within the stomach and is used to treat conditions where reduction in acid secretion is required for proper healing including stomach and intestinal ulcers (gastric and duodenal ulcers), the prevention and treatment of ulcers associated with medications known as NSAIDs, reflux oesophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, heartburn, and gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Omeprazole, like other proton-pump inhibitors, blocks the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. By blocking the enzyme, the production of acid is decreased, and this allows the stomach and oesophagus to heal. This essay will discuss the therapeutic effect and uses of Omeprazole, its mechanism of action, administration and dosage, dose-related and non-d...
up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. A kidney stone that does not pass on out
Arthritis occurs when the body incorrectly identifies its own tissue as foreign matter and attacks it. Arthritis includes a set of more than eighty autoimmune diseases. Arthritis attacks connective tissues and joints. It causes stiffness, pain, inflammation, and swelling of the joints. Some kinds are crippling, but rarely leads to death. There are many different kinds of arthritis, the main ones being Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis; others include gout and ankylosing spodylitis.