Abstract: Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone that is used to stimulate growth and fasten the germination of plants. When Gibberellic acid used on plants, it produces bigger and fuller leaves following by elongating the stems. This experiment was designed to determine the effect that Gibberellic acid will have on the growth of a seed germination. As performed in class, three types of radish seed were treated with Gibberellic acid to see the effects the acid will have on those three seeds. During the treatment plan, the three seeds received a different amount of acid and water five times a week. For instance, Seed A got approximately 2.5ML of Gibberellin acid, seed B got 5.0ML, and seed C got 10ML, following by seed A getting 17.5ML of water, seed B getting 15.0ML, and seed C obtaining 10ML of water. However, based on this treatment plan, seed A and B showed no growth. While, the seed that consumed more acid, which was Seed C showed rapid growth. In this case, the only possible explanation for this surprising result could be that the Seeds …show more content…
Since the minimum concentration of GA did not produce the greatest change in height for the radish plant, the hypothesis was not supported. The most possible explanation for this unusual result could be that the Seed with less amount of GA and water was not treated correctly and at the proper time. Another case could be that the amount of GA and water used was not enough or perhaps during the treatment plan, some group members might have forgotten to water the plants as scheduled, which could have affected the overall growth factor and health of the plant. Due to this outcome, more precautions and full responsibilities should be taken to obtain a better result in the future
The purpose of this experiment involved synthesis of diphenylmethanol using phenylmagenisum bromide and benzaldehyde, using the method called Grignard reaction. Grignard reactions are an important method for new carbon-carbon bond formation as well as for the synthesis of alcohols.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
This reaction is an example of the synthesis of a carboxylic acid utilizing a Grignard reagent. The reaction starts with the formation of a Grignard reagent; when the bromine on bromobenzene bonds to magnesium metal using the solvent, anhydrous diethyl ether. Using an ether is important due to the ability for its lone electron pairs help to stabilize the positive charge on magnesium. Once the Grignard reagent is obtained, the carbon, from the dry ice, will kick off the magnesium bromide and replace it. As this happens, water is reacted with it and thus adds a hydrogen onto the single bonded oxygen. Figure 1 shows the sublimation of dry ice with the Grignard reagent during this step. This will create an alcohol, specifically benzoic acid. After this step, the compound has replaced the magnesium bromide on the cyclohexane. In addition, biphenyl is produced as a side product. In the next step, addition of sodium hydroxide, the sodium will replace the hydrogen on the alcohol. Upon addition of HCl, the benzoic acid is freed from its salt and precipitates out of solution. Figure 3 shows the finished product of the Benzoic acid obtained. The product was a fine white powder.
The citric acid cycle is an amphibolic pathway. It utilises both anabolic and catabolic reactions; the first reaction of the cycle, in which oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound) condenses with acetate (a two carbon compound) to form citrate (a six carbon compound) is typically anabolic. The production of the isomeric isocitrate is simply intramolecular rearrangement. The subsequent two reactions are typically catabolic, producing succinate (a four carbon compound), which is then oxidised, forming fumarate (a four carbon compound). Water addition produces malate and then oxidised for regeneration of oxaloacetate. Thus the cycle can be seen to exhibit both anabolic and catabolic processes to form its intermediates.
Brassica rapa is a mustard plant that can be found throughout North America, and is common in areas undergoing extreme change, such as changes in climate. There is an important relationship between the ecological and genetic factors that influence the growth of Brassica rapa (Mitchell-Olds 1996). So, the environmental elements, as well as the genetic information, are essential to the growth rate and survival of Brassica rapa. This plant is capable of reproducing quickly, and the root systems are usually quite small, although some Brassica rapa have developed larger root systems (Mitchell-Olds 1996). This plant is commonly used in experiments because of its ability to germinate rapidly. Brassica rapa is capable of sprouting within a stage of about two weeks, and this trait allows scientists to perform experiments in a short period of time.
“Enzymes are proteins that have catalytic functions” [1], “that speed up or slow down reactions”[2], “indispensable to maintenance and activity of life”[1]. They are each very specific, and will only work when a particular substrate fits in their active site. An active site is “a region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds, and where the reaction occurs”[2].
The greater the concentration of gibberellin will result in more amylase being produced. Therefore the higher the concentration of gibberellin in a barley seed will increase the amount of starch broken down surrounding the seed in the agar plate. This will be seen as an increase in the clear area around the barley seed on the agar once iodine is added.
In biology class, we were learning about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in our bodies. In the lab, we were testing the relationship between the enzyme catalase and the rate of a chemical reaction. We predicted that if there was a higher percentage of enzyme concentration, then the rate of chemical reaction would increase or it would take less time. We placed 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide into four depressions. Underneath the first depression, we place 1 ml of 100% catalase and make 50% dilution with 0.5 ml of water. We take 50% of that solution and dilute with 0.5 ml of water and we repeat it two more times. there were four depressions filled with catalase: 100%, 50%, 25% , 12.5 % with the last three diluted
Six weeks previous to the conductance of this lab, Biology 108 section,planted wheat and mustard plants according to table#1 on page 3 of the Principles of Biology 108 Lab Manual . This table depicts all of the total pots and number and type of seeds planted in the pots. It accounts for the experiments of the intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Replicates of each pot were planted to add precision and more acceptable statistics. Therefore, there were 40 pots, that is, 20 treatments conducted twice(Ciara, 1993).
Purpose: The overall purpose of this lab was to demonstrate how the salt concentration in water affects the germination of seeds and how it affects the seeds while they attempt to grow and sprout into grass. Hypothesis: If different amounts of salt water is added to 6 seeds, then the container of dirt with the water with the lowest concentration of salt will have the most seeds germinated and the tallest blades of grass. Variables and Controls: IV: Salt concentration of the solution DV1= Number of seeds germinated DV2= Height of the grass Control= The container with just water and no additional salt Constants= Type of seeds, type of water, type of dirt, types of salt, amount of solution added, the balance, and beakers Materials: Grass seeds Paper towels Salts Water Equipment: Ruler Balances
A mixture of pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin C limits the diffusion of vitamin C through the dialysis tubing. Tryptophan limits the diffusion of vitamin C even more than the mixture of pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin C. Unexpectedly, the combination of all three substances (tryptophan, pantothenic acid, and vitamin C - vitamin A) did not show as significant a change in the diffusion of vitamin C as the Tryptophan alone. The cause for this could be that the vitamins and amino acids started to react with each other rather than trying to block the vitamin C from diffusing. This occurrence is a topic for more research. It was thought that by adding together vitamin K and tryptophan, highly polar and non-polar substances, the
Before the experiment was conducted, my hypothesis was that the higher concentration of gibberellic acid would cause the seedlings to grow taller. When the results were gathered, the raw data showed their was a correlation between the concentrations and how they tall the seedlings grew. Gibberellic acid is known to only promote shoot growth by cell elongation (Lang 1957). The plants that received .1% gibberellic acid did grow taller than the control, proving my hypothesis. There was a static difference between these two groups if looking at the means. Gibberellic acid is used by many farmers to promote healthy, taller, and stronger plants. Although there was no statical difference between most of the other groups, we can conclude that adding higher concentrations will give us better results if looking at the means. Redoing this experiment would provide an opportunity to retest the experiment by placing the plants in a different area in the greenhouse so they would not receive as much water. It would also provide a opportunity to try different concentration levels, such as .5%, and .25% to see if higher concentrations do promote or hinder plant growth. This experiment proved the hypothesis and tested vauble information about high concentrations of gibberellic acid and how it affects plants This experiment helped provide more evidence for future
This experiment was performed to test two hypotheses concerning the plant hormone gibberellic acid and a mutant rosette shaped phenotype of the plant Brassica rapa. This experiment was done in order to test the effects o gibberellic acid on plants and its effect on rosette shaped complexes. The two hypotheses in this experiment are as follows: Hypothesis number one states that Gibberellic acid allows for stem elongation in plants. Hypothesis number two. The rosette complex in the rosette phenotype plant contains less gibberellic acid naturally and therefore grows shorter.
Plant food is a type of fertilizer in which plants are suppose to grow taller and healthier when the food is used over a period of time. It is made up of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen makes plants grow faster and produce more leaves, phosphorus makes the roots work better, and potassium gives larger flowers and prevents infection. The plant food contains these nutrients that are absorbed by the roots of a plant. Radishes, however, the subject of interest in this experiment is speculated by some to whether plant food actually works on it. However, for the experiment to be successful, the background information on the radish, “Early Scarlet Globe”, must be intact.
...lute the perceived concentration of ABA. As ,mentioned before, I purposely didn’t go into too much detail here because most people know about soaking seeds in water and scarification. I just included it here to give a scientifically explanation as to exactly HOW these methods work. It still all boils down to ABA.