Giarda Lamblia: The Cause for Traveler's Diarrhea

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Introduction
Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoa parasite, which was observed by Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 (Lujan, 2001). Giardia lamblia was named after Professor A. Giard and Dr. F. Lambl, because they were the first people to describe this disease (CDC, 2012). Giardia lamblia is a parasitic gastrointestinal disease; it is estimated that 20,000 cases occur every year in the U.S., and 20% to 30% occurrence worldwide (Marks, 2014). G. lamblia is a diarrheal disease that is known worldwide. It is a food and water borne disease (Nazer, 2013). It is well known for being called the “travelers disease”. G. lamblia was recognized in the 1970s when it appeared in travelers coming from Endemic regions (Nazer, 2013).
Causal Agents
Giardia lamblia comes from the kingdom, Protista, with the subkingdom of Protozoa (Keas, 1999). G. lamblia has unique paired organelles; it has two nuclei, adhesive discs, RNA interference, cell differentiation and lacks peroxisomes and mitochondria (Lujan, 2011). Giardia lamblia exists in an active form trophozoite, and in an inactive form called a cyst (Marks, 2013). It is a diplozoic flagellated protozoa. It is teardrop in shape and cannot be identified by gram stain (Lujan, 2011).
Epidemiology
G. lamblia is primarily found in under developed countries such as Mexico, Soviet Union, Southeast Asia, and western South America. Day-care centers have a high probability of a breakout, due to oral-fecal contamination (Marks, 2013). Children are known for putting everything in their mouths. Children are at a much higher risk then adults. Hikers drinking from contaminate water from lake are also at a higher risk (Marks, 2013). The CDC reports, “It infects nearly 2% of adults and 6% to 8% of...

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...://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/
Keas, B. (1999). Taxonomical Classification https://www.msu.edu/course/zol/316/glamtax.htm Gardner. T and Hill, D. Treatment of Giardiasis. NCBI. 2001. Web 2009 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88965/ Gargano, J. and Yoder, J. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel. CDC. August 01,2013. Web. 2014. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/giardiasis
Lujan, H. and Svard, S. Giardia: a model organism. Wein: Springer. 2011. E Book. http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-0198-8 Marks, J,MD. and Anan, B, MD. Giardiasis(Giardia Lamblia). MedicineNet.com. 1996-2014. Web. March 19 2013 http://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm Nazer, H. Giardiasis. Medscape. 1994-2014. Web 2013.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-overview#aw2aab6b2b5

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