Study the rules for contour lines in Table 6-1 and the concepts in Figures 6-1 through 6-3. By applying the method illustrated in Figure 6-3, construct a topographic map on Figure 6-5. This figure depicts a landform near the sea (blank area at bottom of figure). Draw and label contours of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 ft. Start with the lowest contour, and then construct progressively higher contours. Note that the first contour (0 ft) is simply the shoreline (label it with an elevation of “0”). (5pts) Figure 6-5: Topographic map exercise; contour interval = 40 ft.
Study the method for constructing a topographic profile in Figure 6-4. Using this approach, construct a topographic profile on Figure 6-6. Before completing the profile,
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Why? (2pts)
Answer:
A topographic profile is a side view of the land surface that can be constructed from a topographic map (Figure 6-4). Profiles are often exaggerated vertically to show more detail. For example, if the horizontal scale is 1 in = 1,000 ft and the vertical scale is 1 in = 250 ft, the vertical exaggeration would be 1,000/250 = 4.
An alternative to stereoscopes, anaglyphs provide a means to study contour maps and other imagery in three dimensions when viewed with color glasses. Images consist of two superimposed color layers, offset to produce a depth effect.
Topographic Map Exercises using anaglyph - Copy the following address to your web browser https://nagt.org/details/images/8512.html
Q6-12: Using color-coded glasses, examine the anaglyph of Crater Lake, Oregon. Describe the terrain of the area. (3pts)
Answer:
Q6-13: What geologic processes could have formed this landscape? What field evidence could you gather to test your hypothesis? (2pts)
Answer:
Q6-14: Where are relatively steep and flat parts of the area? How are these areas expressed (spacing) by contour lines?
Marshak, S. (2009) Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, ch. 11, p. 298-320.
17. The diagram to the right illustrates what type of geologic event? Explain. (S6E5e, f)
coast (as shown in pictures 1 & 2). The area of sea is subject to the
The site visited on this day was informally known as the Bedrock Knob (NTS grid reference: 120 342). It is in an area where patches of limestone and exposed bedrock are common. The bedrock is part of the Preca...
...e morphed it into the quartzite that is seen surrounding the butte (4). Rocks that undergo this process are called metamorphic rock, which is the same as the rock seen years ago by dinosaurs and other extinct creatures. The quartzite rocks were formerly seafloor sediment that was forced upwards, and then surrounded by lava basalt flows. Once erupted through fissures and floods through out most of the area, lava flow eventually created enough basalt to form a thickness of about 1.8 kilometers (1). All of this basalt flow eventually led to the covering of most mountains, leaving the buttes uncovered. The igneous lava flows and loess is reasons that the Palouse consists of such sprawling hills, and rich soil for farming (2). In result of the lava flows, the Precambrian rock Quartzite was formed. And lastly covered by the glacial loess, which were carried by the wind.
Many will attest to the grandeur of the natural feature that exists in northern Arizona, but the formation of the Grand Canyon has befuddled geomorphologists to this day. This confusion can be attributed to the Kaibab Plateau, an anomaly considering the Colorado River traverses it seamlessly. Four prevalent hypotheses have been proposed since the 19th century, starting with the lake overflow proposition first brought up by John Newbury and then reinforced by Eliot Blackwelder. Newbury argued that a structure must have ponded an ancient lake causing an overspill to cut into the Grand Canyon. This argument holds that the river must have come after the plateau’s existence. Unbeknownst to Newbury, the structure would be the Kaibab Plateau.
The sharp differences in elevation between the Badwater Basin and the surrounding mountains that include the highest point in the continental US (Mt. Whitney at 14,494 feet) stand as a representation of the regions violent tectonic past. The mountains themselves are considered fault block mountain ranges meaning that they were formed when blocks of rocks were squeezed through the Earth's crust along parallel faults or were loosened from the crust when it separated at a fault. In the valley, both of these methods not only were the cause of the current mountains formation less than four million years ago, but also are causing the mountains to be uplifted while the valley floor drops even further. This phenomenon is one of the reasons why the lowest and highest points in the continental...
Morton, J. W. (n.d.). Metamorphosed melange terrane in the eastern piedmont of north carolina. Retrieved from http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/14/7/551.abstract
Hussey, Russell C. Historical Geology: The Geologic History of North America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947. 379. Print
McFadden-Gerber, Margaret. "Critical Evaluation." Masterplots. Rev. 2nd edition. Vol. 6. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1996: 3290-4.
Blakey, R. C. (1996). Geologic history of western us. Informally published manuscript, Northern Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ, Retrieved from http://www.jan.ucc.nau.edu
The term conic sections is used when discussing the derivation of a line that is a locus of points equal distance from either a line, a point, both a line and a point, two lines, etc. The term conic sections also can be used when discussing certain planes that are formed when they are intersected with a right circular cone. The planes, or lines as we know them, consist of the circle, the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola. (West, 112) There are different ways to derive each separate curve, and many uses for them to be applied to as well. All of which are an important aspect to conic sections.
The mapping methods developed can be grouped into two types. One is by direct methods and another is by indirect methods. In the indirect method, initially, measurement of physical properties of the rock mass such as the seismic velocity and the discontinuity parameters are estimated from the physical parameters (Grainger et al., 1973). The direct method uses the visual measurement of each discontinuity. Such measurements of lengths and angles are made directly on rock outcrops, bench faces, boreholes (Piteau, 1970; ISRM, 1978) as well as from photographs of rock exposures (Franklin & Maerz, 1988; Farmer et al., 1991). The direct measurement of rock exposures can be carried out using line mapping techniques. Line mapping often referred to as the Scanline technique is widely used
Experts encourage contour farmers to use additional soil and water conservation techniques to supplement the former in order to yield the best results. Such supplements include strip cropping, use of cover crops, use of wind breaks, grassing water ways, and building terraces among others. Strip cropping is good for long and steeper slopes while irregular slopes need more than a single key contour line. In getting the key line, farmers should use a contour gauge or a hand level and thereafter plant parallel to the key line. Grassed waterways are also important especially where there is a high concentration of runoff water while grassed strips come in handy where the contour lines are too sharp for farming equipment to plough. Other techniques to include are growing bush or tree borders across the slopes (vegetative barriers), residue management, and mulching to protect the