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Decision Making Techniques
Decision Making Techniques
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Summary
In order to a establish a design rainfall and flow estimation methodology compatible to the Ethiopian environment and facilitate standard design practices in all road design works in Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) had commissioned Louis Berger Group to prepare a road drainage design manual in 2002 under a credit from the International Development Agency (IDA).
This technical note has been prepared for Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) as a result of a brief review of the above manual published in 2002.
The brief received from ERA required me to review the drainage design manual referred above and make comments and recommendations if any.
In preparing this technical note, I have read the ERA drainage design manual-and various road drainage design manuals produced by other countries including USA, UK, Australia, Gahanna, South Africa, Uganda and Kenya.
Clearly, in the time available, I have not been able to carry out a full technical review of the manual. However, I have used my local knowledge and past experience to review the manual with critical eye, with the aim of identifying information and technology gaps, any uncertainties, misconceptions or missed opportunities.
During the technical review it was revealed that the ERA drainage design manual contains most of the necessary relevant technical information which is required for design of road drainage structures in Ethiopia. The design methodologies had been adopted from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ASSHTO) and the design charts were adopted from the Federal Highway Administration of the Bureau of Reclamation Hydraulic Laboratory.
Road Development in Ethiopia has vastly accelerated in recent ...
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...of tools available for the prediction of both rainfall runoff volume and peak flow rate from both rural and urban catchments.
However it should be noted that no method is considered to be “right”, while the rest are “wrong”. However to avoid confusion a preferred method is recommended as good practice. It is important to stress that using more than one method can provide additional information on the decisions to be made. This can
be particularly useful in situations where the consequences of “failure” of a drainage structure would be particularly serious (e.g. culverts and bridges).
Comments and recommendations made in this technical review note are as a result of careful screening of many hydraulic and hydrological modeling methodologies, hydrological and hydraulic modeling software programs and design procedures available to the drainage engineer today.
Federal Emergency Management Agency’s article, “Benefit of Dams” (2012) analyzes how dams prevent flooding by releasing the excess water in controlled amounts through floodgates (¶ 3).
City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works Bureau of Engineering. Wastewater Facilities Plan Update. 1990
Storm Water Drainage: This is simply the water from rain, melted snow, etc. draining into
Moore, J. R., Bell, A. V., Jones, A. D., 2005. Forecasting for flood warning. C.R Geoscience 337, 203-217.
The purpose of this short memo is to discuss aspects of use, applicability, and environmental impacts of porous pavements as gleaned from practical findings and pertinent examples. A porous pavement is one with high enough porosity and permeability to allow rain and snowmelt to pass through it, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and surrounding areas. In intensely built up areas, pavements account for more than half of all the land, and for about two-thirds of total built cover (Ferguson, 2005, 2-3). Parking lots, in particular, account for the majority of paved areas. Pervious paving materials have the capability of providing a dual purpose in parking and other areas with low to moderate traffic; they serve both as a parking/traffic area and to manage stormwater.
Aim: To determine what effect agricultural runoff has on surrounding environment, and to find what solutions can be made to reverse any damage.
The rise in temperature is having a significant impact on levels of rainfall, which in turn effects water run-off. Satellite observations since 1987 have shown that, as global temperatures have increased, global mean precipitation has increased in parallel at a rate of 7.4 ± 2.6% per ◦C ...
...mps built throughout the triangle Yaounde-Douala-Yaounde-Bafoussam regarding the problems faced both in terms of design materials used, and the location of traffic signing. The basic intension was to draw the attention of the authority regarding the problem faced due to improper maintenance in speed bumps. Study was done by traversing the triangle and collecting the field data to identify each retarder by its location, type, geometry. In this study, 310 speed bumps were identified basically of four types: soundtrack, speed bumps, trapezoidal and tray. Out of which 288 had problems of material design and signaling. Over 50% of asphalt concrete materials were either collapsed or the road to the launch of these is padded. Over 70% was not up to the respective standard dimensions. 62% of the problems with speed bumps were due either to the absence of signs or bad signs.
Wright, Kenneth R., Alfredo Valencia Zegarra, and William L. Lorah. "Ancient Machu Picchu Drainage Engineering." Colleges.ksu.edu. N.p., Nov.-Dec. 1999. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
Introduction: Rainwater runoff, also called non-point source, is everywhere, especially in the artificial concrete communities that we live in. Rainwater runoff occurs after rain showers and thunderstorms, when the water flows down streets, sidewalks and gutters. There is so much rainwater runoff now a day because of the colossal neighborhoods and buildings and parking lots we are creating. The runoff happens when the water can’t soak into the ground, like it naturally does. With growing cities and industrialization, runoff water is becoming more and more of a problem and people need to start worrying about it. Runoff water has the possibility of becoming very dangerous, depending on what the water takes with it. Pesticides, garbage, bacteria, sediments from roads, feces and oil/gasoline are just some of the many substances that rainwater runoff carries with it on it’s journey; and lets not forget about all of the possible toxic chemicals that would fall into its path. So many residencies have been built, causing more runoff water because it isn’t being absorbed into the soil, since the soil is covered in concrete or other substances that were used to build. Everything that rests in gutters also goes down into the soil and in sewers that dump water into soil or other bodies of water, and the effects can both be positive and negative. Substances such as phosphate can travel with the runoff water into areas with soil and grass, causing it to grow faster. While some people may think fast growing grass is helpful, lets not forget about the rest of the environment the phosphate can effect. Certain algae’s can be harmful to humans when ingested. After knowing that, people should realize that it is time for environmental management to co...
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html> "Ethiopia." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web.
The following guidelines should be used in evaluating options and reaching a consensus, there are.
During my under graduation I have learnt only about basics of pavement materials and different layers of pavements. It was only after studying graduate courses I realized how limited my knowledge was and I need to work very hard and explore more in this vast field. During first year of my graduate study I have studied Pavements Materials, Pavement Design and Evaluation, Highway Construction Practices and these graduate courses opened a new paradigm for me to the way I looked at pavement engineering. This prompted me to look at it as a field full of challenges which make it even more dynamic and op...
Johns Hopkins University. (2009, March). In disaster-prone areas, construction needs a new approach. Retrieved from http://phys.org/news157051992.html
The development of every nation hinges on the effectiveness of their transportation systems. Movement of goods, services and people to and from locations is made possible by transportation systems. The importance of effective transportation systems cannot be over-emphasized. Many countries face transportation problems and my country Ghana is no exception. A trip of about 30 minutes usually takes about an hour or more due to traffic jams. This is seriously impacting productivity and has become a topical issue in the country. The situation is the same in Uganda where I currently work. To this end, Transportation Engineers are needed to design roads/ highways that will stand the test of time, plan effective traffic management systems to reduce