The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. Their function is to regulate gas exchange. They are located in the thorax. They are connected to the trachea which conducts inhaled air through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (called bronchioles). The bronchioles eventually end in small air sacs called alveoli. It is in alveoli that occurs the gas exchange. Lungs are in contact with airway microorganisms and elements like tobacco. Therefore they have to be as clean as possible. To garantee their sterility, lungs need the action of the innate immune system. This section will describe immune cells present in the lung. The immune system is a set of different structures and …show more content…
The main difference between both immunities resides in their specificity. The adaptive immune system (called as well acquired immune system) creates a memory after a first interaction with pathogens. It detains the ability to recognise specific elements of a pathogen (called antigens) in order to eliminate them. Therefore, the acquired immune system will create antibodies able to interact with these antigens (Janeway et al., 2005). Thus, it evolves through the life as opposed to the innate immunity. On the other hand, the innate immunity fails to have a memory and is only able to detect same patterns found in pathogens. They are called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns or PAMPs (Kawai, 2010). This chapter will focus only on the innate immune system. The innate immune system The innate immune system is considered mostly as universal as it is present in most of the organisms on Earth. It is characterised by the ability to react fast (as opposed to the adaptive immunity, which can take up to several days to be active) to any external threats. The innate immune system has three components : physical, cellular and humoral (figure 1) (Beutler, 2004). Figure 1. The different cellular and humoral components of the innate immune system (Beutler, …show more content…
They are activated in cascade upon recognition of microorganisms. They are responsible for the opsonisation of the pathogens which will be sent for phagocytosis (Dunkelberger, 2010). The complement is composed of three pathways : the classical, the alternative and the Mannose Binding Lectine (MBL) pathways. Different proteins are involved in these pathways (Dunkelberger, 2010). The classical pathway is induced when the protein C1 interacts with a complex antibody/antigen. The alternative pathway is induced when the protein C3 interacts with some bacterial components. The MBL pathway is induced when the Mannose Binding Protein interacts with some bacterial elements. The three pathways induced the membrane-attack complex (figure
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
There are two different parts of the immune system. Innate immunity is the more general type; for this reason it is also called the nonspecific res...
Differentiate and describe between monocytes and macrophages (Innate Immunity) and B cells defining antibodies and T cells defining cytokines (adaptive immunity).
The structure and function of our immune systems is a great help for our body to keep all of us healthy. Our immune system has a specific structure that it should maintain. There are also organs that play a major part for the health of our immune system. These organs are called lymphoid organs because of the lymphocytes that inhabit that area. (white blood cells) Bone marrow is also one of the key elements for the immune system, this is where all of our blood cells are being made along with the white blood cells. With the help of the bone marrow, white blood cells are constantly traveling throughout our bodies using the blood cells for help. Another structure that is important for our immune system is lymphoid tissue. Lymphoid tissue acts as a gateway into our bodies that help to prevent incoming germs.
There are two main branches that both passive and active acquired immunity can fall under, Active and Passive. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the individual is exposed to a pathogen, becomes infected with the di...
The innate immune system is given to you at birth and always has microbes ready to fight (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). This system is very fast to detect and attempt to eliminate any invading cells. It reacts by triggering Toll-like receptors (TLRs) who then fasten to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The first line of defense in the innate immune system contains the skin and mucous membranes, along with normal microbiota (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). The second line of defense of the “early-warning” system consists of natural killer cells, phagocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances (Joanne M. Willey, 2014). Although a powerful system, it cannot take
Within the in the bodies immune system there are two lines of defense. The first line of defenser being is the non-specific innate immunity. Non-specific immunity repels all microorganisms equally (John H. Humphrey, 2014). The second line of defense is the immune response. The immune response goes after specific invaders. Each line of defense works differently but together they work to keep the body health, and clear of pathogens that are harmfull. The body takes chronological steps to maintain its defenses. The first step being the first line defense. These can include the mucus membranes and the skin. Next is the second line of defense, these come from the non-specific defense sytem. Once pathogens pass through the first line of defense the second line of defense responds in turn through processes of inflammatory response and fever. If both the first and second defenses are incapable of containing the pathogen then a third line of defense is activated. The third line of defense being a specific immune response. Specific pathogens are attacked through the specific immune response by the process of B-cell production of antibodies, which attack the virus or bacteria in extra-cellular fluid (Martini & Nath, 2009). Lastly T-cells proceed to kill the infected cells. The T-cell as well as the B-cell can both be located in the lymph nodes of the
Today I will discuss the immune system and what makes it so important and vital for our everyday well-being and defending our body against sickness and disease.. First off, what is the immune system? Vaccines.gov informs readers that, “The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders. These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections.” Why are these important to us as humans? Very simple, without our immune system ,things such as viruses, the common cold and flu, would likely cause severe trauma or death to our body very easily. However, antibodies
ANS: The viral proteins are processed by activated macrophage cells as a response of the immune system.
Discuss innate immunity. Provide a through overview of the first, second and third line pf defense; physical, mechanical and biochemical barriers; epithelial cells, mast cells, and lymphocytes.
Every day special cells, tissues, proteins and organs which made overall immune system defend against microorganisms, germs and viruses which enter our body. Immune system is system which is able to prevent organism and kill the pathogens. Most of time immune system has dual system in properties and has capacity to identify self and non-self organisms (1). For instance, immune system can be general or specific, natural or adaptive (sometimes called innate or acquired), cell mediated or humoral, active or passive and also primary and secondary (2). Immune system is able to recognize and attack particular antigens, it is called ‘antigen specific’ part, also it has ‘systemic’ part which works throughout the body, and it is not restricted only to initial infection site. Moreover immune system has ‘memory’ part which is able to recognize and attack stronger to the same antigen next time. This essay will discuss each dual part of immune system: organs, cells and soluble components, also describe the difference between innate and acquired immune system.
The immune system recognizes germs that enter the body as foreign invaders called antigens and produces proteins called antibodies to fight them.
The immune system is divided into two categories, the innate and the adaptive immune system. Each system is a part of the organism, and either one does not necessarily take over more than the other.
Adaptive immune system happens much quicker to the presence of an “infection creating potent mechanisms for neutralizing or eliminating the microbes. There are two types of adaptive immune responses: humeral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.”
These cells are leukocytes that unlike phagocytes, are able to attack a specific foreign invader. Adaptive immunity develops once a person comes in contact with specific pathogens, or is vaccinated. Adaptive immunity is further divided into two subgroups: Humoral and cellular immunity. Humoral immunity involves proteins known as antibodies, made by B-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes are white blood cells that originate and mature in the bone marrow. When a B cell matures, it can recognize a specific antigen, can distinguish the body’s cells from foreign invaders, and when fully mature can produce at least ten thousand unique antibodies.