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Quizlet immune system
Chapter 22 the lymphatic system and immunity
Chapter 21 immune system
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Every day special cells, tissues, proteins and organs which made overall immune system defend against microorganisms, germs and viruses which enter our body. Immune system is system which is able to prevent organism and kill the pathogens. Most of time immune system has dual system in properties and has capacity to identify self and non-self organisms (1). For instance, immune system can be general or specific, natural or adaptive (sometimes called innate or acquired), cell mediated or humoral, active or passive and also primary and secondary (2). Immune system is able to recognize and attack particular antigens, it is called ‘antigen specific’ part, also it has ‘systemic’ part which works throughout the body, and it is not restricted only to initial infection site. Moreover immune system has ‘memory’ part which is able to recognize and attack stronger to the same antigen next time. This essay will discuss each dual part of immune system: organs, cells and soluble components, also describe the difference between innate and acquired immune system. Human organism has two fluids which intertwined throughout the body: blood and lymph. They are responsible for transporting the agents of immune system. Lymphoid system is composed of tissues and organs which produce specific resistance to human diseases (3). Also it consists of tissues which found in lymph nodes. Lymphoid tissues dedicated to circulation and production of lymphocytes, while lymph nodes serve as filtration of lymphoid system and activation of lymphocytes. Human lymphoid system has two organs: central or primary lymphoid organ and peripheral or secondary lymphoid organ. Primary organs are located in bone marrow and thymus and generate lymphocytes from immature progenitor... ... middle of paper ... ...m up, human immune system is complex system which every cells, tissues and organs of immune system are closely related to each other and work intimately. Currently as a secondary response of body scientists discovered the vaccine which contains antigen from pathogens and produce memory cells, therefore it gives protection to organism from infections. However immunity is fascinating subject and there are still many secretes of it. When immune system fully understood, there might be solved many disease related problems in the world. Works Cited 1. Alibek, K. (2011). Lecture: Immunology and Vaccinology. PowerPoint slides. 2. http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/BUGL/immune.htm#intro 3. http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-potter/lymphoid_system.htm 4. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/innate.htm 5. http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunity/immune-detail.html
Lymphoid tissue is made up of cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Normal T cells and B cells have different jobs. But because all the importance of these cells they can travel around the body spreading the cancerous cells. There are four stages for Hodgkin’s lymphoma when testing is completed the doctors can determine what stage the cancer is at and what treatment will be best suited to fighting the disease.
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The immune system is the body's third line of defense. It is a network of several tissues and white blood cells. The tissues of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and adenoids. The white blood cells of the immune system are called lymphocytes (Postlethwait Hopson, Modern Biology).
When a familiar antigen is encountered, B-lymphocyte memory cells will divide and form new antibody-producing plasma cells. Some memory cells will be left, however, so that the body can respond to any number of future infections with the same pathogen. The second time the immune system encounters a pathogen for a second time, antibodies are produced more rapidly and their effect lasts longer. Memory B cells have an affinity for a particular antigen as well. Also, larger amounts of antibodies are produced in the secondary response resulting in a stronger response.
The spleen is a fist-sized, spongy organ located behind the stomach (removed in this illustration), just under the diaphragm. Part of the lymphatic system, the spleen is composed of two types of tissue. White pulp produces lymphocytes, which release antibodies into the bloodstream to combat infection. More prominent is the red pulp, in which macrophages filter broken cells, parasites, bile pigments, and other useless substances from the blood. Iron from broken red blood cells is stored in the spleen for later use. Despite this variety of functions, an injured or diseased spleen can be removed in adults without great consequence.
The structure and function of our immune systems is a great help for our body to keep all of us healthy. Our immune system has a specific structure that it should maintain. There are also organs that play a major part for the health of our immune system. These organs are called lymphoid organs because of the lymphocytes that inhabit that area. (white blood cells) Bone marrow is also one of the key elements for the immune system, this is where all of our blood cells are being made along with the white blood cells. With the help of the bone marrow, white blood cells are constantly traveling throughout our bodies using the blood cells for help. Another structure that is important for our immune system is lymphoid tissue. Lymphoid tissue acts as a gateway into our bodies that help to prevent incoming germs.
According to the Australian Academy of science (2012) Immunological memory allows the adaptive immune system to rapidly clear infections that it has encountered before, this can be both naturally or artificially. Following an immune response some T-cells remain and serve as “memory cells” so if the body comes in contact with the same antigen in the future the immune system can act swiftly and more efficiently to prevent the infection occurring. (Black 2008). The Australian Academy of Science (2012) states that when the body encounters a disease naturally the immune system launches a non-specific and then specific response to the foreign body, although the person may still experience the signs and symptoms of the disease. Where...
Trachea is part of the respiratory system; its main role is to deliver gas to and from the bronchi and lungs. On the other hand, esophagus is part of the digestive system that functions in transferring the food from the mouth to the stomach. The trachea consists of pseudostratified epithelium tissues, while the esophagus consists of stratified squamous epithelium tissues. The antibodies that were used in this experiment produced as a protective action of the immune system that were stimulated by antigens. Proteins contain many antigenic determinates, which can be used to detect a specific protein subunit such as alpha
Interferons are a part of the immune system. This system involves the body's ability to distinguish cells that are part of the body from those that have found their way in and are harmful. Most of these unwanted substances are viruses, bacteria, and other type of disease causing organisms.
The spleen performs three major functions: destruction of red blood cells, synthesises antibodies and filters the blood to remove bacteria and infected cells from the body. The spleen acts as a blood filter. It controls the red blood cells and blood storage in the body. It also helps to fight infection. If the spleen detects potentially dangerous bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms in the blood, it creates white blood cells called lymphocytes. The lymphocytes act as defenders against invaders. The lymphocytes produce antibodies, which kill the foreign microorganisms and stop infections from spreading.
A strong immune system can be achieved by eating nutritious food and exercise. This is our body’s defens...
The lymphatic system is a link of tissues and organs that help clear the poisonous toxins, waste and further unwanted elements that are inside the human body. The key function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph which is a watery fluid substance holding infection that are fighting white blood cells, all over the human body.
Soloman, G. Psychoneuroimmunology: Interactions between the central nervous system and the immune system. J Neurosci Res 18:1-9 (1987).
His studies were the beginning of the new field of psychoneuroimmunology, which examines the relationships between the mind (psyche), brain (neuro), and immune system (immunology). Research progressed further in the 1960's and early 1970's when a physician named Herbert Benson studied the effects of meditation on blood pressure, and when psychologist Robert Adar showed that mental and emotional cues affect immunity.... ... middle of paper ... ...
The human immune system is all about synchrony and war. My interest in immunotherapy gained a solid foundation during my undergraduate internship at Morphogenesis Inc. As an eager intern, I studied underneath the principal scientist who was working on his own patent in cancer vaccinations. During my work there I was able to follow different animal patients from start to finish. Each patient had a different form of cancer, which meant the vaccination was personal to each one. In spite of all the differences the underlying problem was patients had a mutagenic disorder in their DNA.