Q1. Distinguish between acquired and natural immunity.
Acquired immunity is the immunity that our body gains and develops over time. When pathogens are present in the body our body learns and remembers how to destroy these pathogens. Acquired immunity compromises all our specific immune responses which includes the generation of antibodies that neutralize the toxins produced by the pathogen. Acquired immunity means our body is able to distinguish between different types of pathogens, differentiate between foreign particles and cells of our own body and recall all immunological responses and act accordingly to the specific pathogen. The third line of defense is involved which is acquired and specific.
On the other hand natural immunity is the immunity that occurs naturally in our bodies. Our natural immune system includes all our non-specific immune responses such as natural barriers in place which are referred to as the first and second line of defense. These are systems which naturally are present to non-specifically target any foreign particles which may enter the body. Basically natural immunity is inheritable and present from birth and also remains throughout a persons lifetime and it protects the individual from contraction of diseases or other organisms. Acquired immunity develops during a lifetime and can be short-lived or life-long and protects the individual from pathogens using memory T cells which recognise the antigen if it is re-introduced.
Q2. Compare passive and active acquired immunity.
There are two main branches that both passive and active acquired immunity can fall under, Active and Passive. Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the individual is exposed to a pathogen, becomes infected with the di...
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...ination is administered.
From day 0 which is when the vaccine is introduced to the body there is a climb in the production of antibodies due to the immune response as a result of the vaccination. The immune system is producing antibodies to fight the pathogen that has entered the body. After the pathogen is fought off the number of antibodies are decreasing. At day 21 the booster vaccination is applied to increase the number of antibodies yet again. The booster vaccination is enough to cause the immune response to create a concentration of antibodies which spikes even higher than the amount of antibodies produced at the initial vaccination. The amount of antibodies created by the booster vaccination is sufficient for up to and past 45 days after the initial vaccination. The individual now possesses immunity to the disease in which they have been vaccinated against.
The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body, and it defends the body from “foreign invaders.” Immunity can be divided in two three different defenses, and these are defined as first, second and third lines of defense. The first line of defense for the immune system is the primary defense against pathogens entering the body from the surface in order to prevent the start of disease and infection. Some examples of the first line of defense is the skin, protecting the external boundaries of the body, and the mucous membranes, protecting the internal boundaries of the body. Although the skin and mucous membranes work on the internal and external boundaries, they both release chemicals
The human immune system is an amazing system that is constantly on the alert protecting us from
The bodies first line of defense includes the presence of physical and chemical barriers. These limit entry of microorganisms into the body. “These include: intact skin and epithelial surfaces that act as mechanical barriers, presence of normal micro flora on the skin that compete with pathogens for nutrients and inhibit pathogen growth through lactic acid production, normal flora of throat, colon, and vagina occupy receptors that prevents colonization by pathogens.” (Ogston-Tuck, 2014, p. 55). This also includes secretions which contain antibodies.
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
To be able to determine which task the immune system needs to take to fight off the pathogen, it must be able to differentiate between self and non-self-substances. The immune system gets activated by the non-self-substances called antigens. The antigens attach to special receptor sites on defense cells which starts cell processes. If the body has come in contact with the antigen before, it will be able to respond to it more quickly (PubMed Health).
The function of the immune system is it helps play a vital part of our everyday lives. It helps protect our bodies where ever we go. Our immune systems help defend our bodies against germs and microorganisms. The immune system is made up of various special cells, tissues, organs and proteins. This special system does an amazing job of keeping our bodies healthy and in good shape from different diseases and infections.
The idea behind vaccines is to provide the body with just enough of the disease-causing substance to trick the body into producing antibodies against it. By injecting weak or dead infectious agents through the skin, it’s believed that the body will create the appropriate immune defense. Infants come into the world with antibodies they have gotten from their mother through the placenta. Infants who are breastfed continue to receive many important antibodies in the colostrum (the thick, yellowish premilk that is secreted during the first few days after a woman gives birth) and breast milk. During the first year of life, the immunity an infant gets from its mother at birth wears off. To help boost the fading ability to fight certain diseases, vaccines are given. Once the antibodies are produced, they stay around, protecting the child against the disease they were designed to fight.
The third line of defence in the body's immune response is the specific response. If there are still any pathogens in the body after the first responses have occurred they are targeted according to their type by the third defence. This third defence is a specific immune response, and it produces and binds protein molecules know as an antibodies to specifically target an antigen - which is typically a pathogen itself or a marker molecule on the surface of the pathogen. When the body becomes infected with a pathogen, certain antibodies are created by the third defence to attack that pathogen. Once these antibodies have been produced to fight off specific antigens they are remembered by the body and if the same antigen tries to invade again, it is instantly targeted and destroyed, as the body is now
Vaccines are a type of substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and help
Seattle Education Project. (2013, November). STEP: The Immune System - An Overview, [Online]. Available: http://www.thebody.com/step/immune.html [11/12/14].
The immune is a collection of cells that keeps a note of the pathogens that invade and it is able to destroy them. This makes the body immune to that disease. The immune system is responsible for warding of infection through the infection fighting cells and chemicals. References 1. Anatomy & physiology, T Patton 2.
Regardless of the fact that when you compare two articles that discuss two different topics, it is imperative to note that, they may share rhetorical features and strategies which work towards the goal of conveying information to a specific audience. For example, the articles, Creative Rights for Writers of Theatrical and Long-Form Television Motion Pictures explains the basic laws and rights for writers working in the film industry. A fresh perspective from immunologists and vaccine researchers: Active vaccination strategies to prevent and reverse Alzheimer’s disease is an article that discusses about possible cures for Alzheimer's Disease. The article Restore and Improve Urban Infrastructure is more of an argumentative essay that discusses
There are 2 levels presented in generating the immunological tolerance: central tolerance (upper level) and peripheral tolerance (lower level). Central tolerance can be developed during fetal development, occurring in central lymphoid organs such as thymus and bone marrow. In order to back up the process, peripheral tolerance develops after childbirth. In the upper level, the nascent lymphocytes that have antigen receptors are being encoded in the randomly rearranged genes, and also being exposed to the antigenic signals from self-molecules. The positive selection stimulates weak interaction with low-affinity signals. This means to select only suitable lymphocytes for the immune repertoires. On the other hand, the negative selection requires apoptosis (cell-death) to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes caused by the strong
For many years before the development of vaccines, it was known that after recovery from certain diseases some people would not become infected when exposed to it again. This course by which a person is protected from certain diseases after natural infection is termed active immunity. The person is protected since the immune system remembers the past infection and reacts quickly when it comes across the issue again. Yet, for diseases that can be life-threatening, attaining immunity in this way entails running the risk of death upon the first encounter. Even for non life-threatening diseases, a lot of infections carry a risk of grave complications after recovery and so it would be preferable to obtain immunity without taking unwarranted risks. Active immunity by way of vaccination presents a much safer alternative (Childhood Vaccinations: Understanding Vaccines, 2006).
The immune system is a fascinating structure it defends the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and parasites. There are two primary forms that make up the immune system they are, innate and adaptive systems. Both the innate and adaptive system plays a large role in the immune system. The innate is the primary system to defend against foreign materials and the adaptive is the secondary system that responds to specific issues.