Anthropology is the study of cultural diversity and what it is that makes us human. In order for Anthropologists to come to conclusions they must do research. There are two types of anthropological research that exist: looking at existing studies and theories and personal interest. Ethnographic research is a unique aspect of anthropology that aims to answer questions by doing field research. Unobtrusive and participant are the two types of observations and this essay will be looking at the later. Alfred Shultz (1971) describes participant observation as a balancing attempt to make the strange familiar and the familiar strange. This essay will aim at explaining what participant observation is and demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of this method. Then, compare and contrast Els Van Dongens and Laura Bohannans experience of fieldwork and their different approaches and findings when becoming a participant observer.
Participant observation is a technique used by anthropologists to collect data on the people they are researching. The researchers learn about the lives of the people they are interested in through first-hand experience in their daily lives. According to Gold (1958) there are four positions an anthropologist can take when using participant observation as a means to collect data. These four positions are: the complete participant; participant as observer; observer as participant; and complete observer. Depending on the angle the anthropologist wants to take with his research, he can fit into one of these four categories. A complete participant can be seen as getting too attached and therefore forgetting all objectivity and becoming the very thing he went to observe. It can also go bad once the people being observ...
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...speare shows us that so many things can be interpreted differently and each person has their own view on things based on their lives, cultures and environments.
Participant observation is a crucial part in ethnographic research, it allows the researcher to really dig deep and understand social and cultural norms. It is a great way to obtain data and has many advantages along with some disadvantages. After carefully explaining this method I can come to the conclusion that even though it was its disadvantages, it is a great way to collect data. However, it should not be the only way if the researcher intends to have a good well rounded conclusion. Having compared two different positions of participant observation it is clear that there is no one better than another, each position has its strength and weaknesses and greatly improve field research in anthropology.
The world of anthropology is tightly woven into research of humans and their cultures. One of the most important principles of the Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) is found in Part III, Section A, Number 1: “Anthropological researchers have primary ethical obligations to the people, species, and materials they study and to the people with whom they work.” (American Anthropological Association, 2009) This main principle helps to guide social scientists through a maze of ethical dilemmas such as if and how the research itself may harm or otherwise impact those with whom they are studying. While the purpose of the research may be to gain knowledge of the plight of a certain individual or group of individuals, by the extension of the sharing of this knowledge the person or persons being studied may draw unwanted attention. By utilizing the Code of Ethics, the framework has been established so that the researcher is guided “to consult actively with...
Unfortunately, many lack tact and dive into things head first without providing a foundation for the reader to stand upon. The excitement to begin imparting all they have learned is endearing but ultimately, it is poor strategy. In order to understand anything regarding naturalistic observation and its research value, one must first understand the practice itself; both humans and animals can be subjected to naturalistic observation. The logistical issues tend to be availability of participants, ensuring that their privacy is respected, and whether the observations will be performed where the observer can be seen. Both approaches are used in animal and human naturalistic observation research. Being hidden, researchers are confident that those observed are not acting differently because they are being observed. This method effectively reduces or removes any chance of reactivity and this is goal, ensuring validity by allowing the subject to act in its most authentic nature without the interference of an outside force. Though this is ideal, there are times when observers cannot hide, and in those instances they must collect data over a long enough period to deduce whether or not their presence is affecting the actions of their research subjects. Privacy concerns greatly limit the use of naturalistic observation to places that are generally accessible to the public in the context of human observation but not chimpanzee, so the subject greatly effects the methodology.
Bourgois early on states that he utilizes the participant observation method, which is the standard method used by cultural anthropologists that require the researcher to live within a community to study daily activities, he primarily uses this process because he believes it to be more of an effective method than surveys, where lasting relationships cannot be formed, therefore, researchers are unable to ask personal questions
Human being spend much time observing the world in which they live in. observing the world is something were familiar with is just that we have not considered it as a way of doing formal research. Observation does not just involve vision, it includes interpretation of that same date, it’s not just recording of data from environment we observe, we are active our brains are engaged as well as our eyes and ears. In a social gathering where you don’t know people researcher can adopt participant observation where she has two roles to play that is being an observer and participant. In a hospital a nurse can pretend to be a patient in other to be admitted into the ward to enable her obtain adequate information because informant
I emphasize here the collusion between all parties involved, for it is important to recognize the ways in which informmants are also actors and agents, and that the negotiation of reality that takes place in the doing of ethnography involves complex and shifting relations of power in which the ethnographrapher acts and is also acted upon. (Kondo 75)
Participant Observation & Fieldwork Participant observation is one of, if not, the most important parts of fieldwork. It requires living, breathing, acting and becoming a part of the community that you are in. There are various aspects of a community that you can be a part of, for example, cooking, rituals, ceremony, celebration, survival methods, sleeping accommodations and general activities that the group takes part in – which can vary from our own customs and norms. “The reason for the continuation of fieldwork in participant observation, broadly understood, derives to a great extent from the fact that such fieldwork is distinguishing and defining feature of social anthropology; however else anthropology could be defined, to do anthropology meant to study a specific community through long term participant observation.” (Ellen & Firth, 1984: pg. 17)
These kinds of actions are useful and informative to the anthropologist, who is trying to characterize a group of people by its social behavior. All this information has become an important source in the work of an ethnographer.
Not only this, but anthropologists will also employ Ethnography, writing down a description and analysis, based upon the fieldwork. This helps keep a record of what was learned, while also keeping the culture being studied under its own viewpoint. These factors help impact the analysis of a culture, while still being observed under a cultural relativism outlook.
James P. Spradley (1979) described the insider approach to understanding culture as "a quiet revolution" among the social sciences (p. iii). Cultural anthropologists, however, have long emphasized the importance of the ethnographic method, an approach to understanding a different culture through participation, observation, the use of key informants, and interviews. Cultural anthropologists have employed the ethnographic method in an attempt to surmount several formidable cultural questions: How can one understand another's culture? How can culture be qualitatively and quantitatively assessed? What aspects of a culture make it unique and which connect it to other cultures? If ethnographies can provide answers to these difficult questions, then Spradley has correctly identified this method as revolutionary.
Observation allows researchers to experience a specific aspect of social life and get a firsthand look at a trend, institution or behaviour. It promotes good communication skills, improves decision making and enhances awareness.
Thinking about normal social interactions and normal social behaviors, I think of comfortable. When I sit down with a friend, a usual routine is followed, “Hey, how are you, what’s new?” (e.g. My turn, your turn). These questions between my friend and I include eye contact, attention, and facial expression. Usually, I feel that I give my friend my undivided attention. Other normal characteristics include: remembering what the person has just said so a comment can be made, as well as each comment is appropriate and in relation to the current topic. Moreover, the duration between each question or comment is short.
Observational learning is a type of learning that is done by observing the actions of others. It describes the process of learning by watching others, retaining what was learned, and
If those who are being studied decide to behave differently during the study, then the anthropologist is likely to make wrong conclusions, and thus the research will not be very effective. The ethnographic studies usually take a very long time as it is very time-consuming (In Botin et al., 2015, p. 136). The anthropologists have to go and stay in the society that they are studying for a month or even a year as they study them. The anthropologist might make the wrong conclusion based on what they have observed in the field as they study. The anthropologists who make such wrong conclusions are the ones who are not willing to inquire for more explanation from the people that they are studying. In some circumstances, the anthropologist might be infringing on the right to privacy of those that they are studying (Walle, 2013, p. 101).
Anthropology encompasses four main aspects in the field: archaeology, linguistics, physical anthropology, and cultural anthropology. All four areas must collect data and find a way to interpret the data collected. Data is then interpreted with the use of theories. The data would be useless to any anthropologist without any meaning. Theory helps an anthropologist choose what data to collect and how to interpret the results. Authors McGee and Warms assert that theory “helps us think about who and what we are as human beings,” (2). Basic understanding of different anthropological theories enlightens anthropologist about different cultures by attempting to understand and learn from each other. Overtime some theories have been disregarded due to
Perspective is a crucial aspect of anthropology, the study of humankind and the different aspects that affect human nature. There are four main subfields of anthropology that allow anthropologists to analyze different areas of human behavior. These subfields are as follows: biological or physical anthropology, archaeology, cultural or social anthropology, and linguistic anthropology. Each area of study is equally important and is able to be integrated into one idea that looks at the whole picture rather than the individual parts (“What is Anthropology?”). This idea of looking at the complete picture rather than just the smaller “constituents” is a holistic approach to anthropology (Peters-Golden 17). A variety of elements can affect a person’s