Enzymes are the protein molecules that can rapidly increase the rate of all chemical reactions that are ongoing within our body and cells. They are essential to sustain life and have a great range of functions; these can include aiding digestion and maintaining metabolism. Enzymes can be molded into different, unique and complex shapes that can allocate smaller molecules, known as substrates, to fit into them. A common term that this is known by is called the lock and key fit. The lock is known as the enzyme and the key is known as the substrate. Enzymes come in different shapes and have a unique individual fit that can only become complete when the correct substrate can fit in. If the substrate is too big, too small or hits at the incorrect …show more content…
The role of the enzymes in a metabolic process is to ensure there is a breakdown of large nutrient molecules. This includes; proteins, fats and carbohydrates. This process occurs when the digestion process begins in the stomach and intestines. Each enzyme is able to process only one type of chemical reaction. Several factors have an impact at the rate of which the enzymatic reactions being to proceed. This can come under; temperature, pH levels, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. As the temperature increases, so does the rate of reaction. However, high temperatures begin to denature enzymes. The enzyme activity gradually increases with temperature up to around 37ºC. However, temperatures over 60°C will cause permanent damage. If there are major changes in pH levels, then this might have a substantial effect on the enzymes shape, but it could potentially deform the shape and properties of the substrate molecule. Such result can consequently cause an impact on the substrate, so it cannot bind with the active site or undergo stages of catalysis. The optimum level is not the same for each type …show more content…
When an enzyme and substrate is at low temperatures, the rate of reactions is much slower than usual. Once the temperature has begun to increase until it has peaked at an optimal level, the rate of reaction will then begin to speed up. However, after the optimal level, if the temperature gets too high, the enzymes will begin to denature. Sucrose is commonly found in many plants, such as: sugar canes and sugar maples. Sucrose can be broken down to a smaller form and it can be used as a sweetener. Sucrose is a disaccharide; this is because it has two monosaccharides that are known as fructose and glucose. As sucrose is a simple carbohydrate, this can enter the system relatively fast and give spikes within energy levels. Sucrose can also bolster the body with energy levels that is needed for both: physical and mental functions. The human body will break down sucrose into fructose and glucose during the stages of digestion. Once fructose and glucose have been created, this will then release energy into the required cells that are needed to function and carry out
However sucrose is a complex sugar it contains large molecules making it a disaccharide. Due to the large molecules being saturated and the small molecules being unsaturated this will allow the glucose to mix easily with the yeast therefore making it respire more frequently. The sucrose sugar however having larger molecules will find it harder to mix in with the yeast; this will make the rate of respiration in the sucrose much slower as it is not as efficient as the glucose. Yeast requires enzymes to digest the food on which the yeast is living. The enzymes digest the food the yeast is living on (normally sugars such as Glucose and Sucrose) breaking down the large molecules into smaller ones.
As temperature increases, rate of respiration increases, because particles move faster and with more energy, which in turn means more particles collide with enough energy to react. However, as temperature increases, enzyme stability decreases, so at temperatures above the optimum temperature, the rate will decrease, until all the enzymes have been fully denatured and all the active sites have been lost. Enzymes speed up reactions in organisms. Each enzyme works on a specific substance, called its substrate. The diagram below shows an “E” (an enzyme) catalysing the breakdown of “S” (the substrate) into two different products (“P”).
Proteins are one of the main building blocks of the body. They are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Even smaller units create proteins; these are called amino acids. There are twenty different types of amino acids, and all twenty are configured in many different chains and sequences, producing differing protein structures and functions. An enzyme is a specialized protein that participates in chemical reactions where they serve as catalysts to speed up said reactions, or reduce the energy of activation, noted as Ea (Mader & Windelspecht).
Background information:. Enzyme Enzymes are protein molecules that act as the biological catalysts. A Catalyst is a molecule which can speed up chemical reactions but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Enzymes catalyze most of the metabolic reactions that take place within a living organism. They speed up the metabolic reactions by lowering the amount of energy.
Enzymes are biological catalysts - catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being altered itself. Enzymes are also proteins that fold into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site. The active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate. (Clark, 2016)
Enzymes are biology catalysts which speed up the rate of a reaction (BBC News). Catalase is an enzyme which is found in one’s body and can destroy any harmful substances. Without catalase, many toxic materials could attack and mutate DNA. Catalase is located in the hepatic and when mixed with hydrogen peroxide, it breaks it down into oxygen and water. When the reaction happens it follows this equation: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 ("Catalase.").
Enzymes have the ability to act on a small group of chemically similar substances. Enzymes are very specific, in the sense that each enzyme is limited to interact with only one set of reactants; the reactants are referred to as substrates. Substrates of an enzyme are the chemicals altered by enzyme-catalysed reactions. The extreme specific nature of enzymes are because of the complicated three-dimensional shape, which is due to the particular way the amino acid chain of proteins folds.
Living cells perform a multitude of chemical reactions very rapidly because of the participation of enzymes. Enzymes are biological catalysts, compounds that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up or altered in the reaction. The material with which the catalysts reacts, called the substrate, is modified during the reaction to form a new product. But because the enzyme itself emerges from the reaction unchanged and ready to bind with another substrate molecule, a small amount of enzyme can alter a relatively enormous amount of substrate.
Enzymes in general are very interesting to learn from and are fundamental in carrying out processes in various organisms. Enzymes are proteins that control the speed of reactions, they help quicken the rate of the reaction and also help cells to communicate with each other. There are 3 main groups of enzymes, first are the metabolic enzymes that control breathing, thinking, talking, moving, and immunity. Next are the digestive enzymes that digest food and normally end with –ase, there are 22 known digestive enzymes and examples of these are Amylase, Protease, and Lipase. The final group are the Food or plant enzymes which is what my enzyme that I’m studying falls under. Papain gets its name because it comes from papaya fruit, its main purpose is to break down proteins and break peptide bonds however it is not only used in the Papaya fruit and has many external uses. It was also very helpful in the 1950s when scientists were trying to understand enzymes. It also helps us to this day understand Protein structural studies and peptide mapping. Without enzymes, reactions in the body would not happen fast enough and would tarnish our way of life which is why it is vital that we study and learn from them.
Introduction White sugar generally called sucrose originates from two compounds of sugar, fructose, and glucose, combined. Sucrose, which is naturally white, is commonly produced from sugar cane or sugar beets. In both cases the procedure of extracting sugar is the same: The sap is filtered to eliminate plant substances and boiled down. What remains is thick syrup from which sucrose begins to crystallize. The syrup is turned in a centrifuge to split out the crystals, which then make up raw sugar.
= == In relative terms enzymes are biological catalysts; control the rate of chemical reaction, different temperatures and pH’s affect their optimum rate of reaction in living organisms. In detail; enzymes are globular proteins, which catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms, they are produced by living cells – each cell has hundreds of enzymes. Cells can never run out of enzymes as they or used up in a reaction.
Sucrose (C12H22O11) and glucose (C6H12O6) are both simple sugars that produce energy in the form of ATP through glucose metabolism chiefly glycolysis.
= O or CHO or a ketone group - C [IMAGE] H C =O C This group affects the sugars' properties very drastically and is the part of the sugar which is needed to react with any other substance. this is why sucrose is unreactive, because its active group is tied.
From looking at the results I can conclude that when the pH was 3 and 5. No oxygen was produced, therefore no reactions were taking place. This was because the pH had a high hydrogen ion content, which caused the breaking of the ionic bonds that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme in place of the syringe. The enzyme lost its functional shape.
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).