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Composite materials beneficial for aircraft designers or manufacturers
Composite materials beneficial for aircraft designers or manufacturers
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Aluminum vs Composites in Aircraft Construction Since the Wright Flyer first took off from Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903, aircraft designers have been searching for ever better materials to build aircraft with. Over the years, we have seen construction materials progress from simple wood frames covered with fabric to advanced structures built entirely out of metal. As aircraft designs became more advanced, the need arose for materials which offered both higher strength and lighter weight. Since the beginning of World War II, aircraft construction consisted mainly of structures built from aluminum. Beginning in the 1960’s, NASA and the United States military began experimenting with the use of composite materials in aircraft. This revolutionary material seemed to be the answer the aviation world was looking for. It promised both gains in strength and weight reduction. However, with more and more composites being added to aircraft over the years, problems arose which ultimately may negate the overall benefits of the composites. The first problem with the use of composites begin...
Following World War II and the jet engine technology that emerged largely toward its end, aerospace engineers knew well that the technology had great potential for use in the commercial aviation industry. The Comet was the first aircraft to utilize jet propulsion; however, its designers failed to consider the metallurgy of the aircraft’s materials under flight conditions or the consequences of their atypical window design. The aircraft was designed by Britain’s De Havilland Aircraft Company and entered service in May 1952. After a year of service, however, the design issues mentioned above resulted in the failure of several Comet aircraft. Extensive evaluations revealed that repeated pressurization stress on the aircraft’s main cabin had caused its structure to fail.
The future of the aerospace industry will involve gradual changes in the near term, with the prospect of more radical shifts in the decades t...
In the early 1920’s, new technology was being developed to enable aircraft to fly higher and faster. This early development of aircraft technology was hindered by the depression until World War II pulled the United States out of economic hardship. Jet engine design has been critical in keeping aircraft in line with other countries’ developing technology. All over the world, countries were racing to be the first with a jet engine powered aircraft.
For this project, the aircraft designs for the Boeing 707 up to the Boeing 787 are to be examined. The majority of these aircraft are still in commercial operation today, being used by various airlines across the world. They represent a large portion of the modern airline industry and hence justify further investigation into their design history. By examining these aircraft, one can see the evolution in the methodologies used by Boeing for creating aircraft, as well as their use of available technology to create products that are in many respects, ahead of their time. By reading this report one will be able to gain an understanding for how the modern Boeing aircraft has come into existence, and thus gain an understanding of the evolution of the modern airline industry as a whole.
Aviation has come a long way since the 19th century, from the Wright brothers taking flight with the first powered and controlled gliders, to aircraft that can travel up to supersonic speeds, orbiting satellites and space stations which then were only thought to be science-fiction. Aerospace and aviation has proven to be one of the biggest challenges to advance in the entirety of human existence. There are many factors and characteristics that contributed to this advancement such as the engines of aircraft, forces of flight, aerodynamic forces, wingspans etc. The two most significant aspects however have been; World War 1 and World War 2.
This course was the first course I took as an incoming freshman, as anyone could imagine I was scared and nervous at the same time. Also since it is a writing course; I was hesitant if I wanted to continue in the class because writing is very challenging for me as an immigrant. Returning from summer break, I found it extremely tough to continue where I left off with my writing skills from high school. The fear of writing that my old high school teacher instilled in me did not help my writing anxiety either. In contrast, I found that the professor and the course were not at all intimidating as I assumed, the professor took time from his busy schedule to help his students to further improve their writing and the writing topics were very stimulating and thought provoking. Composition 1 has helped me learn more about myself and my writing skills, which allowed me to further self-evaluate myself, find where I need improvement and become motivated to change.
From the Wright Flyer to the aircraft we fly today, they all started as a dream that later turned into a design. NASA is not sending astronauts into space at the moment, but that has not stopped the engineers at NASA from working on advanced aerodynamic designs and technologies that would help us achieve the dream of traveling farther, faster and higher. Improved materials such as carbon-fiber give an aircraft lighter weight, improved performance and lower fuel consumption. NASA’s newest design in carbon-fiber is called “PRSEUS” (Pultruded rod, Stitched, Efficient, Unitized Structure), a material that will be stronger than current carbon-fiber technology and will greatly reduce the need for rivets and other fasteners that lead to structural fatigue. NASA believes this new material will help Boeing achieve its goal of an aircraft of blended wing design (Sloan, 2011). Boeing has stated that tests for strength and performance on PRSEUS have exceeded their expectations. Boeing is using this new material in their X-48B, a small scale functional ble...
The transcendence of the aerodynamically efficient BWB design from the standard aircraft design began during the World War II in order to outstrip the already existing designs to prove the superiority and efficiency in military power. The concepts of tailless aircraft and Flying-wing design were remarkably bought to life by the pioneers in USA and Germany.
Composites do most of the things metals can do in a bike frame. Although, often the way you go about building with composites is different than if using metals. With composite construction a mold has to be built to form the required shape and then the fibers and resin are held in the mold to harden. With metal tubing construction, off the shelf tubes a...
The skin, usually of aluminum sheet, is attached by riveting or by bonding with special adhesives. Most metal light aircraft are constructed using this process. Monocoques as well as semi-monocoque are termed as "stressed skin" structures. This is due to the fact that a certain significant amount the external load (i.e. from wings and empennage and the engine) is taken by the fuselage skin. Moreover, all ki...
Aluminium in its most pure form is not suitable for use in aircraft as it is soft and lacks strength. In this condition it only has a tensile strength of 90N/〖mm〗^2. For aircraft and other applications aluminium is alloyed or mixed with other additive metals to increase its strength and rigidity. It is possible to create a high strength aluminium alloy with strength greater than 600N/〖mm〗^2 with the correct additives and treatment (HIGGINS, 1972). Below are some examples of aluminium alloys. Aluminium alloys are specified or designated with a number. This number gives us the chemical composition of the alloy.
The better use of composite materials in the aircraft primary structures makes this aircraft different than previous commercial Boeing aircraft. With a new design process, the company resulted in an airframe comprising of 50% advanced composites, 20% aluminum, 15% titanium, 10% steel and 5% of other materials (“From The Ground Up,”...
Composites are similar to essays; they are both an arrangement of parts coming together. Composites, however, have two essential phases: matrix and dispersed phase. The matrix’s responsibility is to be covering the materials being used to form a new type of supply. Composites are also known as two or more type of materials being combine to create a new material that could be used in different real world applications. Commonly, composites are formed because it could be reusable, cheaper and sometimes a stronger material. Three of the most common use materials to form composites are metals, polymers and ceramics [1]. The combination of these materials provides suppliers more opportunities to create composites that will be used often in the market. But to construct composites, suppliers must understand how composites work. They are divided into three different composites: particle-reinforced composites, fiber-reinforced composites, and structural composites [1].
They investigated sandwich structures having core consists of the closed cell PMI foam Casecell 75RS (Cashen Advanced Materials Hi-Tech Co. Ltd). The foam density of 75kg/m3 and a cell diameter of 0.2-0.3mm. The thickness of the foam core is h =25mm. The face sheets are made from prepreg fabric of MT300-3K carbon fibers in 602 epoxy resin from an aerospace research institute. The mass of the prepreg fabric is 165g/m2, with a ply thickness of 0.15mm. Both face sheets are laid up with 7 plies at [0°/90°/0°/90] for a total thickness of 1.05mm. J-47C film adhesive is used to bond the core to the face sheets. The sandwich composite is cured 2h at135°C and 300KN/m² pressure. The fabricated specimen are immersed in the moist conditions at two different temperatures i.e., 25°C and 70°C in sea water and de-ionized water, and immersed specimen are opted to test Flexural and compression strength and compared with new specimen and finally they concluded that the specimens immersed in sea water have higher compressive and flexural strength than specimens immersed in DI
Title of the article: Shear bond strength evaluation of resin composite bonded to three different liners - Theracal LC, Biodentine and Resin modified glass ionomer cement using universal adhesive: An in vitro study.