Design of Boeing 737 Fuselage
INTRODUCTION
In order to study the stresses around a crack developed in a fuselage and its propagation, we have to primarily achieve the CAD design of a fuselage. Particularly, a section of the fuselage frame is needed to achieve the project objective. The Boeing data as provided in the public domain serves as the guideline for the design of the fuselage for this project. To successfully design the fuselage we require the detailed dimensions of the following parts-
a) Fuselage Skin
b) Bulkhead
c) longeron
d) Rivets
The above parts are the essential components in an aircraft’s fuselage structure and the serve the following function.
a) FUSELAGE SKIN
The semi-monocoque architecture stipulates that the body structure be composed of skin which conceals the main skeletal frame of the vehicle body. The distinguishing feature of such a design is that all the loads acting on the fuselage are transferred on to frame of the structure through the skin. On the other hand, early aircrafts were constructed using truss frames, typically of wood or steel tubing, which were then draped in fabric, such as linen or cotton. The skin was structural superfluous as the strength to the structure was provided solely by the airframe. The skin was essentially dead weight, apart from providing a smooth sealed surface.
The skin, usually of aluminum sheet, is attached by riveting or by bonding with special adhesives. Most metal light aircraft are constructed using this process. Monocoques as well as semi-monocoque are termed as "stressed skin" structures. This is due to the fact that a certain significant amount the external load (i.e. from wings and empennage and the engine) is taken by the fuselage skin. Moreover, all ki...
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...e projection.
Usually a 3-D model is constructed using the 2-D sketches, whereas 2-D sketch of a model can be obtained using the drafting tool.
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
The object is imagined to placed be in the first quadrant of the axis system. It lies between the observer and the plane of projection. The plane of projection is assumed to be a non-transparent plane. When views are drawn in their relative position, Right side view drawn to the left side of elevation and Top view comes below the Front view.
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
The object is imagined to be placed in the third quadrant of the axis system. The plane of projection lies between the observer and the object. The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent. When views are drawn in their relative position, Right side view drawn to the right side of elevation and, Top view comes above the Front view.
...rlapping figures, relative positioning from the ground line and also the illusion of making parallel lines join somewhere far away in the distance.
eye level of the spectator, who looks up at the Trinity and down at the
The vision system integrated into the console provides viewing of the surgical field via a 3D image. It features a tiny telescope, which is placed inside an incision in the patient’s body. The telescope takes images from two points, which are relayed back to a console so the surgeon has a 3D image on-screen while he operates (Fig. 3).
...as the mountains appear less detailed but accurate size across the back. Sizes of objects definitely lends itself to the perspective with larger objects being close and smaller less detailed objects in the distance.
The camera obscura was “is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen. It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the inventions that led to photography. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, upside-down, but with colour and perspective preserved. The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be...
One of the main aims of Rizzi 1997 is “to explore some aspects of the fine structure of the left periphery” and “to postulate an articulated array of X-bar projections which will be assumed to constitute the complimentizer system”(Rizzi 1997:281). He also addresses some of “the adjacency and anti-adjacency effects involving elements of the C system and different kinds of fillers of the subject position (overt DP, PRO, trace) which are that are amenable to an explanation in terms of the assumed structure of the C system”.
The formal characteristics of the work are crucial in their produced effect upon the audience. It is a four panel screen landscape, whose size of 7354 cubic meters is made referent in the title. Despite its monumental size, the work does not function as an oppressive weapon but rather a positive force, one that is able to free us from our inhibitions. Rist frequently experiments with the various ways in which video can be projected onto surfaces. Though she does not push the technical boundaries of the video medium medium, she nonetheless pushes the limits within video projection. Requiring seven different projectors to be linked seamlessly, her work is a technical achievement for this feat alone. A large circular couch occupies the center of the exhibition space. Its shape is meant to be reminiscent of the human iris, but also bring to mind the iris of the camera as well.
...ossessed with three dimensional attributes. The optical effect may be explained by the fact that the human eyes see an object from two viewpoints separated laterally by about six centimeters. The two views show slightly different spatial relationships between near and near distant objects and the visual process fuses these stereoscopic views to a single three dimensional impression. The same parallax view of an object may be experienced upon reflection of an object seen from a concave mirror." (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4229761.html).
...thin this painting is appealing to the eye. With regards to linear perspective, this painting has a diagonal in which the figures line up and converge to one point.
The painting has an order and there are different shapes and angles. Rectangular shape is main trend around this piece, including the wooden chest, the leg rest and the canvass. Also things overlap, creating the illusion of the shape look closer to viewer than the shape behind it. The example in this piece would be the chair on which Adelaide Labille Guiard sits be close to viewer than the girls behind it. This adds depth to the space. Also due to linear perspective girls behind the chair are smaller due to being farther away.
D. Space – Gogh uses linear and atmospheric perspective to give the illusion of depth. Linear perspective is created by the left border, diagonal lines of the field and the horizon. The vanishing point is the left part of the frame along the horizon line. Atmospheric perspective is created in a number of ways. Gogh uses color in...
In the early 1400s, Italian engineer and architect, Filippo Brunelleschi, rediscovered the system of perspective as a mathematical technique to replicate depth and form within a picture plane. According to the principles, establishing one or more vanishing points can enable an artist to draw the parallels of an object to recede and converge, thus disappearing into a “distance”. In 1412, Brunelleschi demonstrated this technique to the public when he used a picture of the Florence Baptistery painted on a panel with a small hole in the centre.3 In his other hand, he held a mirror to reflect the painting itself, in which the reflected view seen through the hole depicted the correct perspective of the baptistery. It was confirmed that the image
Perspective has its roots in Latin it comes from the word ‘perspicere’ or translates literally as ‘to see clearly.’
“X-Ray Vision / Depth Perception: When AR system was being built, one of its main agendas was to allow users to view objects which have been obstructed by real world objects. This was achieved by showing the position of the obstructed object. However such a system had its own problems. First of all, the alignment of virtual object...
The humble aeroplane commonly known as the airplane or just plane has become a staple of everyday life for the majority of us. Aeroplanes are used for a vast variety of reasons, the most common being transporting people long distances in a very short amount of time. However, this is not the only role that they play in society, they are used for many other things such as; transportation of goods, recreation, military and research. Aeroplanes are a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust, usually from a jet engine or propeller. This essay will discuss the history of how this technology that we know and love came to fruition and how it reached the market through diffusion.