Introduction
This experiment was completed in order to compare calf circumference as well as weight to jump height. If a person has larger calves then they will likely be capable of reaching a higher vertical height. It can also be shown that since males tend to have larger calves, they can jump higher. A larger calf circumference is more likely to reflect a high vertical jump due to the fact that the fat content of the calves in the experiment was accounted for, therefore a large calf measurement in this experiment means a muscular calf. It is common knowledge that more muscle will result in stronger legs leading to a higher vertical.
Materials and Methods
Part 1: Measuring Leg Circumference
In order to begin this lab procedure, the class was first split into lab groups of four. A meter measuring tape was then obtained from the lab materials. One member of the lab group sat on the edge of the table and the other members took turns measuring the circumference in centimeters at the widest part of the calf. The measure was taken by each lab member and recorded in a table. This step was repeated for each lab member. After obtaining the circumference of each group members’ calf, a caliper was used to take the skin-fold thickness on the inside of the lab member’s calf and this measurement was also recorded in a table. Again, this step was repeated for each lab member. The average of the leg circumference and of the caliper measurement was then averaged and recorded in the table. Then the adjusted mean was found by subtracting the average found for the caliper measurements from the average of leg circumference. Data for each lab group was then recorded on the board in separate tables for male and female measurements. This data was...
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...es display higher vertical heights as opposed to the calf circumference. Temgemo’s study discussed the fact that as men and women hit puberty men gain more muscle mass. (Temgemo,2008) This ties into the calf circumference adjusted means. Males displayed larger adjusted means when their calves were measured and since the fat is subtracted, they have larger calf muscles. The larger the muscles, the stronger they are.
The most significant information found in the post-experiment research is the information found in Caruso’s research that accounts for the swing of the arms when jumping vertically. Caruso’s experiment shows how male and female volleyball players display different vertical jump heights with the men’s being higher. She accounts for this by saying the swing of the arms results in the men being able to jump higher due to their greater upper body strength.
This experiment was completed in order to compare calf circumference as well as gender, weight, and jump height. If a person has larger calves, then they will likely be capable of reaching a higher vertical height. It can also be shown that if the person is a male, then they will be able to jump higher. A larger calf circumference is more likely to reflect a high vertical jump due to the fact that the fat content of the calves in the experiment was accounted for, therefore a large calf measurement in this experiment means a muscular calf. It is common knowledge that more muscle will result in stronger legs leading to a higher vertical. While it is believed that males are bigger, faster, and stronger, this leads us to believe that they can also jump higher. Males tend to have stronger muscles at nearly all points in life(Burr, 1997). That being said, the aforementioned hypotheses can be expected to be true because males are likely to have larger, and therefore stronger, calves. It can also be expected that males will display a higher vertical jump(Caruso, 2012).
The reason why is that exercising gets your blood pumping which brings more oxygen to your muscles. According to table #1, it can be seen that most of the numbers under the difference column are positive which means that these people’s squeezing rate increased when they exercised first. Based on graph #1, you can see that more people increased by the height of the bar. Both the table and the graph support that if a person exercises first , he/she will be able to squeeze a clothespin more times in a minute than a person who rests
Discuss the relationship between distribution of muscle fiber type and performance. How might exercise training modify or change a person’s fiber-type distribution?
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
A study was performed in order to better understand how different sports and their loadings on the bone structure affect muscle performance and joint moment, depending on the structures of the upper and lower extremities. The purpose of the study was to see if dense bone masses help construct stronger bone structures in athletes and if the nonweight-bearing upper extremity affects bone structure. The subjects that were tested consisted of one hundred and thirteen female athletes. These athletes were representative of volleyball, hurdling, tennis, badminton, squa...
Throughout literature countermovement jumps (CMJ) are seen to be higher in contrast to squat jumps (SJ) (Bobbert et al. 1996; Kubo et al. 1999; Bobbert et al. 2005). However present literature regarding the key potential mechanisms behind why greater muscle forces are seen accelerating the body upwards in CMJ in comparison to SJ is somewhat unclear. A CMJ can be defined as a positioning starting upright, beginning the descending motion in advance of the upward motion in contrast to a SJ where the start position is squatted with no preparatory countermovement (Akl 2013). The higher jump heights seen in CMJ in comparison to SJ are apparent even if at the start of propulsion phase the body configuration is identical (Bobbert et al. 1996). In past literature three main mechanisms have looked to provide an explanation for the greater muscle forces seen in CMJ than the SJ. The first plausible theory is that the muscle stretch in CMJ increases the production of force capability of the contractile machinery (Edman et al. 1978; Ettema et al. 1992; Herzog et al. 2003). Secondly the assumption that the muscle fibres are on the descending limb of their force–length relationship at the start of propulsion in the CMJ and SJ, however in CMJ the stretching of a chain of elastic components, they are not as far past optimum length therefore allowing a greater force over the initial phase of their shortening range, with the stretching of sequences of elastic components, this then causes the storage of elastic energy that is then reutilized in the propulsion phase (Ettema et al. 1992). The final explan...
In the muscular system the main differences between minks and humans are mostly the size and shape of each muscle. However, for example the temporalis differs in that it has different locations within the mink and human. In minks the temporalis is located on the dorsal side of the skull while, in humans it is located on the later side. Also the romboideus complex muscles differ in location as well. In humans these muscles are located in the upper section of the dorsal side while, in minks they are found closer to the neck. Another example of differing locations if that of the levator scapulae. Though the functions are the same which is to elevate the scapulae and shoulders, in humans it is located in the upper section of the dorsal side of the body behind the neck. In minks the levator scapulae is located lower down the back. The main similarities of the muscular system between minks and humans are both the name and functions of the muscles. For instance, the masseter elevates the mandible which helps in raising the lower jaw to close. Also there are the obliques and transversus abdominis that encloses the abdomen while the diaphragm separates the thoracic and pelvic cavities. The gastrocnemius muscles also have similar functions between the mink and humans which are the plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle and the flexion of the leg at the knee joint.
The first component of the MUST involves measuring the patient’s height and weight to establish their Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is the’ relationship b...
By very nature, men, without regard to the manner of how they conduct themselves publicly, are stronger than the opposite sex. The muscles in the body are just genetically w...
To do so, the anthropologist examines the overall sturdiness of the bones, as males tend to have larger bones and joint surface...
...the study the participants had to be female and obtain permission from a doctor to clear them for physical activity. The setting was semi-naturalistic. Participants were randomly assigned to the control or the experimental group. Measurements were taken for BMI and blood pressure, as well as a blood sample to determine the participant’s baseline. They were also assessed for activity tolerance, agility and flexibility. The participants in the experimental group underwent 16 weeks of exercise training that consisted of walking, stretching and balance exercises. The classes were held three-times per week, for a duration of about 60-70 minutes. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in all variables measured in the experimental group. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterols as well as BMI and blood pressure had all decreased.
Females can be strong but they have to work at it much harder than males because males are just naturally stronger. This is because, “Men are 50 percent stronger than women in brute strength” (drjamesdobson.org). Men are stronger than women because the sex hormone testosterone, is found in high levels in men which gives them a head start in building muscle, “The sex hormone has anabolic effects, meaning it promotes muscle development. Secreted by the pituitary gland, testosterone binds to skeletal fiber cells and stimulates the growth of proteins, the building blocks of meaty muscles” [source: Roundy](science.how...
It is known already that males dominate females in the physical world in most cases. Males have much larger natural muscle mass, less body fat, and a physique that is designed for superiority in the physical world. Therefore it can only be assumed that the most important muscle of all (the heart) would also be superior in its performance.
The skin folds for triceps, iliac crest, and thigh are 21mm, 34 mm, and 19mm respectably, giving a sum of 74 mm. Using the sum of skin folds (mm) and current age (19), the percent body fat...
As the topic above endurance runners have slower twitch muscles in the body. The anatomy build of an endurance runners differs from a sprinter. Scott Amato, (2013, September 27 explains long distance are typically tall. The article also explains that long distance runners have long arms. The long legs of a long distance runners helps with a making fewer steps while running. While these are the typical characteristics of a long distance runners, some runners are normal height but have long legs to be able to give them the advantage of long strides. Most long distance runners are really thin and have less muscle mass. However; there is a reason why long distance runners have less muscle mass. Less muscle mass helps the long distance runners run longer as well as allowing the runner to run fast during a race because runners are not held down with all that muscle mass. Most runners do not weigh a lot because long distance runners run burn a lot of calories while running, causing runners to gain no weight at all. Most long distance runners have high VO2 max, which leads to them running for long periods in time. While these are the characteristics for long distance runners, there are different characteristics for