Corrosion refers to the natural destruction of a metal due to an electrochemical reaction with its surroundings. Generally, a redox reaction occurs between the metal and its environment which results in the formation of metal oxides, hydroxides or salts. Its ability to damage materials requires means to prevent or control its effects (Bell, 2017). The main types of corrosion prevention include sacrificial anode cathodic protection, impressed current cathodic protection, and corrosion inhibitors. Control of environmental conditions, anodic protection, and protective coatings are other methods (Boundless, n.d.). All are comparable based on safety, cost, use, and their efficiency or environmental impact.
Sacrificial anode cathodic protection occurs through the electrical attachment of a piece of metal called a sacrificial anode (WikiHow, n.d.). The metal object is protected because it is easier to oxidize than
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Electrons are supplied to the metal from the stronger current, which stops the corrosion oxidation (WikiHow, n.d.). The negative terminal of the source is connected to the metal, and the positive to an inert anode (Bell, 2017). Current flows through metal anodes, the electrolyte, the metal, and then back to the source (WikiHow, n.d.). ICCP has many benefits, including high voltages to protect large areas, non-corrodible inert anodes, and control over electron transfer. It is used to protect storage tanks, offshore rigs, and long oil and gas pipelines (IDC Technologies, n.d.). ICCP is a safe process where corrosion is eliminated, and benefits the environment because oil and gas spills are reduced. However, the electricity consumed may cause pollution. It has a high initial price, but its low maintenance and longevity reduce the long-term cost (Corrpro Companies, Inc., 2016). ICCP is an integral part of many industries in their fight against
An electrode is a component of an electric circuit that connects the conventional wiring of the circuit to a conducting medium such as an electrolyte or a gas. The electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode. If an anode and a cathode are placed in a solution of an electrolyte and a source of direct current is connected between them, the positive ions in the
Metals contain a sea of electrons (which are negatively charged) and which flow throughout the metal. This is what allows electric current to flow so well in all metals. An electrode is a component of an electric circuit that connects the wiring of the circuit to a gas or electrolyte. A compound that conducts in a solution is called an electrolyte. The electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode.
The standard amount of zinc to be put on a galvanized nail is between 0.28 and 1.00 oz/ft2. The higher quality nails have a higher amount of zinc, around 1.00 oz/ft2. The lower quality nails have a lower amount of zinc on them. The lowest amount it can be within the standard is 0.28 oz/ft2, otherwise it doesn’t meet the standard. However, the box doesn’t list the amount of zinc or whether it is good quality or not.
Corrosive consumption doesn’t play a big part in our society anymore. Think back to the early 1900’s when the rich would flaunt their money and values to prove they in fact have a higher ranking, while the lower or working class would show the struggle through their average clothes and way of living. Now coming into the era of the people that are known as millennials, it is a whole new ball game. Throughout the decades millionaires and high class people started to down grade when it comes to representing their wealth. For example, my grandpa Thola's brother was a millionaire and nobody knew it, not even the family until he passed away. He was the owner and founder of Preston Quarries that was bought out by Wendling Quarries about 15 years
Stainless steel, especially, Austenitic stainless steel, because of their high corrosion resistance and customizable mechanical properties has become an indispensable part of the regularly evolving modern day technology. Stainless steels of various grades find applications in numerous fields starting from the household to the nuclear reactors; from food and beverage cans to construction of different automobile parts. The formation of impervious oxide layer on the surface makes it suitable for use in adverse environments such as sea water.
Stainless steel is one of the materials used in this kettle and is now used more frequently within kettles today because is it impressive properties, one of the main being its resistance ...
The purpose of this project was to discover how the pH level affects corrosion rate. The hypothesis was if the pH level affects the corrosion rate, then the lower the pH level is quicker the corrosion rate would be. This will happen because liquids below the pH level of 7 possess stronger acidic attributes. The effect of pH level on corrosion rate was determined by depositing a copper penny in each of three plastic cups, and then three different liquids by their pH levels, were assigned to be displaced into each cup formulating a chemical reaction to be observed. The results collected during this investigation contradicted with the intended result, this experiment was conducted to determine corrosion rate; Dana Puti Vingear (pH level: 4.5) 4 2/3 days, Tropicana Orange Juice (pH level 3.88) 6 1/3 days, and Sprite (pH level: 3.4) 8 days. The results showed that the hypothesis was refuted. This happened because the preconceived idea was that the liquid with the lowest pH level; Sprite, would have the quickest corrosion rate. Dana Puti Vinegar had the quickest corrosion rate proving the statement wrong, it was discovered that it contains ethanoic acid; acid containing twice the amount of carbon dioxide than a regular acid. To further understand this topic, future research could include; how does the amount of liquid incorporated affect the corrosion rate, how does the temperature of the liquid affect the corrosion rate, and how does the purity of iron affect the corrosion rate?
Roman slaves extracted and prepared the lead, describes a disease among the slaves that was clearly lead poisoning. Because of their potential toxicity, lead water pipes are no longer being installed. The greatest single use of lead metal today is in the plates of storage batteries for automobiles. The protective oxidation layer formed by lead in contact with such substances as air, sulfuric acid, and fluorine makes it highly resistant to corrosion. For this reason, lead has been used to make drainage pipes and lead chambers in sulfuric acid factories.
often done by electrical discharge in a pure gas - or gas mixture - in a tube.
Aluminum is an element in the boron group with a symbol of Al, and an atomic number of 13. Aluminum is a very soft metal when pure but becomes strong and hard when alloyed, a malleable metal with a silvery gray color. Aluminum is a very reactive element so it is found in nature combined with other elements. Aluminum resists corrosion by the formation of a self-protecting oxide coating. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, following oxygen and silicon. It makes up approximately 8% by weight of the Earth’s surface. Although this is evident, it is also apparent that aluminum is never found by itself in nature. All of the earth’s aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds and in order to create new aluminum products; it has to be taken out of that specific compound. Aluminum does not rust like other elements, therefore it always remains strong and shiny, which means reused aluminum is almost identical to a brand new piece of metal. An electrochemical process creates aluminum. An electrochemical process is “the direct process end use in which electricity is used to cause a chemical transformation” ( E.I.A. Government). Major uses of electrochemical processes occur in the aluminum industry in which alumina is reduced to molten aluminum metal and oxygen, where than the aluminum can be used into making several different materials. Electrochemical processes, although very useful, can have serious environmental consequences. To help reduce the consequences that the production of aluminum creates, the idea of aluminum recycling comes into play.
Preventive maintenance can be defined as an activity performed on a certain schedule which is intended to prevent breakdowns or deterioration. These activities can include regular inspection along with solving any discovered problems or situations and regularly scheduled parts changes. Preventive maintenance involves the scheduled adjustment, inspection, replacement of wearable parts, calibrations, basic cleaning and lubrication of equipment or other recommendation made by the equipment manufacturer. These activities can help increase the equipment functional life and help decrease facilities deterioration. No equipment should, No equipment should reach the breaking point [1].
Corrosion is by far the greatest concern when it comes to aging aircraft. Corrosion is a deformity that occurs at the surface and subsurface of the structure and components of aircraft. This creates a greater need for advance techniques and inspections used to detect these deformities. Some techniques talked about in this paper that are used to detect corrosion are non-destructive testing, and different scheduled inspections.
Protection of metallic zinc by either hot-dip galvanizing or electroplating, Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap, adheres well to steel, and provides cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the zinc layer. In more corrosive environments (such as salt water), cadmium plating is preferred. Galvanization often fails at seams, holes, and joints where there are gaps in the coating. In these cases, the coating still provides some partial cathodic protection to iron, by acting as a galvanic anode and corroding itself instead of the underlying protected metal. The protective zinc layer is consumed by this action, and thus galvanization provides protection only for a limited period of time.
The electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a machine used in factories, to clean out the waste solid particle, for example ash from the exhaust gas, allowing clean exhaust gas exit through the chimney. The electrostatic precipitator functions by using first allow the exhaust gas with the waste solid particles pass through the Nozzle as shown in the diagram below. Then the exhaust gas passes through inlet gas distribution, which evenly distributes the gas as shown below in a turquoise color, and starts going through the Discharge electrodes and the collector plates, which is shown in the diagram red and blue respectively. The discharge electrodes, which are powered by high voltage direct current, ionize the gas along with the other solid waste particles negatively. The collector plates are also charged with high voltage electricity, but it is positively charged, therefore attracting the negatively charged solid particle, because oppositely charged particles attract. This allows the clean exhaust gas pass through the other end, while the solid waste particles are trapped in the collector plates. Eventually when there are enough solid waste particles collected on the collector plates, the collect plates shakes off the collected waste, where it drops to the bottom of the shaft as shown in the diagram as “Hopper”.
Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry which primarily focuses on the flow of electrons and the chemical reactions which occur due to the flow of those electrons. These chemical reactions are known as oxidation-reduction reactions, or simply redox reactions. Electrical energy provides the energy needed for the redox reactions to occur. Where oxidation occurs, reduction is certain to follow. Oxidation entails an increase in oxidation number, signifying a loss of electrons. Reduction entails a decrease in oxidation number, signifying a gain of electrons. A metal could be oxidized or reduced, depending on the products used in the reaction. This can be shown by dividing the net chemical equation into two half-equations: one demonstrating the