Encode Project Leads to Revolutionary Ideas in Genetics as Well as Contorversy

2011). In the recent past, scientists have been using unusual DNA motifs to make molecular building blocks. This is done though the joining of DNA sticky ends to form B- DNA. In their report on ‘New motifs in DNA nanotechnology,’ (Seeman et... ... middle of paper ... ...yltransferase (Nureki et al., 2002). Knowledge on ways of preparing new interlocked supra-molecular structures holds a lot of promise for the formation new molecular structures.

Use of Sequencing DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual genes, larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or operons), full chromosomes or entire genomes. Sequencing provides the order of individual nucleotides present in molecules of DNA or RNA isolated from animals, plants, bacteria, archaea, or virtually any other source of genetic information. This information is useful to various fields of biology and other sciences, medicine, forensics, and other areas of study. Molecular

The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) complements the HGP by examining the genomic variation of the human species, through analysis of DNA from populations, families and individuals worldwide. There are many different techniques involved in gene screening. With the start of the Human Genome Mapping Project some of these techniques have been altered to speed up the screening process. Examples of these techniques include PCR (polymerize chain reaction), RFLP's (restricti... ... middle of paper ... ...WWW: http://www.torontobiotech.org/factsheets/series1_02.htm 2. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Initiation of DNA replication: Functional and evolutionary aspects. Annals of Botany, 107, 1119–1126. Corazon, D. (2010). The DNA replication process: The steps involved in creating copies of deoxyribonucleic acid. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/65446.aspx Meselson & Stahl, F. W. (1958).

Genome Mapping The Human Genome Project was one of the most influential studies of our generation. Not only has it left us with a better picture of the human genome in general, but it has also given us valuable information about countless specific genes and what they are responsible for. Some of these genes code for rather menial characteristics, while other can cause life threatening illnesses. Genome Mapping allows for the sequencing of an individual genome in order to help in the prevention and treatment disease. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is an essential material that is found in almost all living organisms and serves as the carrier of genetic information for an individual, coding for any and every characteristic imaginable.

"DNA Typing by RFLP Analysis." DNA Typing by RFLP Analysis. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar.

His major contribution about splicing RNA molecules by it-self had the major impact to earn the Nobel Prize award. Thomas Cech’s most excellent contribution was the theory behind self splicing RNA. First of all, RNA also known as Ribonucleic Acid is a kind if nucleic acid that is generally single stranded. In addition, RNA plays a vital role for transferring information into protein forming system of the cell from the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). Thomas Cech has done his research in a laboratory.

However, even though we each carry our own unique set of hereditary intstructions, your genome is recognizabily a human genome. Sequencing of the Human genome led to an array of futher advancements and research based on the 3 billion base pairs that reside in our 23 chromosomes. One of the emerging results of this is the ability to perfrom genetic testing . Genetic testing is simply the analysis of human DNA, RNA, or proteins. These tests are preformed in a clinical setting to detect abnormalities in our genes as well as outside of the healthcare field in paternaty testing and forensics.

[Teichmann et al., 1999] Functional genomics requires genome-wide experimental approaches that will understand the behaviour of biological systems simultaneously, and analyse multiple genes and proteins of an organism at once. The expanding field of functional genomics promises to “narrow the gap between sequences and function whilst developing a new insight into biological systems.” [Hieter and B... ... middle of paper ... ...g developed, however DNA microarray has allowed research into the axon guidance pathways, allowing scientists to analyse the change in pathway proteins which lead to the disease. Furthermore, the analysis of the α-synuclein gene, the ALDH1A1 gene and the SEMA5A gene show possibilities of conclusive data as to which genes are affected and which genes cause an affect and lead to Parkinson’s disease symptoms. However there are always limitations, which have been more evident with research into neurological diseases, as human or animal cell tissue is always needed, and the most challenging area is gaining the accurate cell tissue from the diseased location of the brain. [Mandel et al., 2003] Nevertheless, functional genomics is an area of research which has been widely developed due to microarray technology; providing a wide-scale platform for the analysis of genes.

Introduction Functional genomics is defined as the use of molecular biological tools to explore the gene functions and interactions from genome sequencing data (SERC, 2013). Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) and Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) are among the techniques that are commonly used in functional genomics. The goal of transcriptome studies is to identify the transcripts expressed in a genome. Since human genome studies, EST was the main technique used for transcript identification. Recently, SAGE has been widely used in transcriptome analysis.