Introduction
Machining is the most important part of the the manufacturing process. The turning is one of the most commonly employed basic operations in the experimental work of metal cutting. The work material is held in the chuck of a lathe and is rotated. The tool is held rigidly in a tool post and moved at a constant rate along the axis of the feed bar, cutting away a layer of metal to form a desired profile. The components of cutting force acting on the tool are an important aspect of machining. Basic information oncutting force must be known in order to understand the relationship among various cutting force components. Many force measurement devices like dynamometers have been developed which are capable of measuring tool forces with increasing accuracy.
Avila and Abrao (2001) studied the effect of machining of hardened AISI 4340 steel. The work-piece material was heat treated to an average hardness of 49 HRC. Mixed alumina tools were used as cutting tool. The experimental tests were carried out with varying cutting speed ranging from 50 to 100m/min with a constant feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev. and a constant depth of cut of 2mm in rough turning. For finishing, the cutting speed values range from 200 to 400 m/min for a constant feed rate and depth of cut of 0.05 mm/rev and 0.5 mm respectively. The different cutting fluids used were; emulsified without mineral oil, synthetic and emulsified containing mineral oil. The fluids were pumped at a rate of 75l/min. the experimentation concluded that the cutting fluid (emulsifiedwithout mineral oil) resulted in longer tool life compared to dry cutting. At high cutting speeds, the cutting fluid was responsible for reducing the scatter in the surface rough...
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Suresh Dhiman, S.K Sharma, Rakesh Sehgal, Vishal S. Sharma Influence of Approaching Angle and Cutting Parameters on Cutting force, Tool Tip Temperature and Surface Roughness During Turning of Adamite, International Journal for Manufacturing Science & production, Vol.8. Nos. 24, 2007.
Vishal S Sharma, Manu Dogra, N.M Suri, Cooling techniques for improved productivity in turning, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 49 (2009) 435–453.
Vishal S. Sharma, Suresh Dhiman, Rakesh Sehgal, S.K. Sharma, Estimation of cutting force and surface roughness for hard turning using neural networks, J Intell Manuf (2008) 19:473–483.
Braham, Jones. “Keep Your Eye on the Bat.” Machine Design 63.13(1997). 29 Mar. 2002 http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org
Plasma cutting technology is today used in a broad range of industries including, manufacturing, construction and so on. Even lock technicians use this technology to open locks as well as safes which can’t be opened any other way.
The straight-edge blade will be useful for many purposes both in everyday occurrences and outdoor use, but the lack of a sawing ability makes it less useful ...
The machinability of copper and copper alloys is improved by lead, sulfur, tellurium, and zinc while it deteriorates when tin and iron are added. Lead in brass alloys with concentrations around 2 wt%, improves machinability by acting as a microscopic chip breaker, and tool lubricant, while they increase the brittleness of the alloy [17]. Lead additions are used to improve machinability. The lead is insoluble in the solid brass and segregates as small globules that help the swarf to break up in to small pieces and may also help to lubricate the cutting tool action. The addition of lead is however, affect cold ductility which may control both the way in which material is produced and the extent to which it can be post-formed after machining
Fabrication at the factory utilizes a mix of robotics and manual labor to produce the body of the V-Rod. Robots that are designed to cut pipe are capable of completing a single operation within 3 seconds. Other fabrication robots utilize 1800 watt lasers that can perform cutting operations at the rate of 100 inches per minute. Where robotics can be used to perform high speed cutting and welding operations, skilled workers are a...
Milling offers the advantages of being highly precise and having much smoother surface finish (surface roughness of easily around 1 µm ) compared to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (layer thickness in the range of 20 µm and above; surface roughness of 15 µm and above ). Flat surfaces and sharp corners can be obtained with CNC milling. Similarly, features such as threads and holes are more accurately created through
Tool wear is a problem in machining titanium alloy, so it is of great importance to find out the wear mechanism of cutting tools in order to improve the cutting tool life time. The mechanism controlling the wear of cemented carbide and influence of cutting parameters on different wear modes in machining Ti6Al4V has been investigated in this paper. Diffusion and chemical wear at high cutting speed and feed rate and attrition in low speed and feed rate is suggested to be the dominant wear mechanism in this case.
Accuracy - Improvement of accuracy has been a central topic in laser beam machining. Short pulses over a longer period of time have greater potential to obtain higher accuracies in dimensional control. This is due to the very small amounts of material that can be removed per pulse and because the very small damaged or heat effected zone at the surface. The focus on accuracy gives greater detail and reliability on the laser beam machining process
It is thus a thermal erosion process. The sparks are created in a dielectric liquid, generally water or oil, between the work piece and an electrode, which can be considered as the cutting tool. There is no mechanical contact between the electrodes during the whole process. Since erosion produced by electrical discharges, both electrode and work piece have to be electrically conductive. Thus, the machining process consists in successively removing small volumes of work piece material, molten or vaporized during a discharge. The volume removed by a single spark is small, in the range of 10-6-10-4 mm3 but this basic process is repeated typically 10,000 times per
Martensitic stainless steels have good mechanical strength and moderate corrosion resistant. Because of their excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, martensitic stainless steels are used for manufacturing the steam turbine blades, heat exchangers, automotive components and structures, petrochemical & process piping. Properties of martensitic stainless steel can be changed by the heat treatment. Increasing productivity of any welding process while maintaining or even improving the weld quality has been the task of researchers in the field of development of welding processes. Over the years welding methods and techniques have developed to great extent [3]. Now it is feasible to weld starting from thin metal sheets of fraction of mm to very thick plates of virtually any thickness. The quality of welding is not restricted only to work done by the welder but depends on many other factors, viz. welding technique and its parameters, welding equipment shielding medium, working environment, etc.
First of all for start working on project, we lubricate all parts of the machine and then contact with our faculty guide to get specification of the Gear Hobbing machine.
Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is the removal of material from a work piece by the application of a high speed stream of abrasive particles carried in gas medium from a nozzle. The AJM process is different from conventional sand blasting by the way that the abrasive is much finer and the process parameters and cutting action are both carefully regulated. The process is used chiefly to cut intricate shapes in hard and brittle materials which are sensitive to heat and have a tendency to chip easily. The process is also used for drilling, de-burring and cleaning operations. AJM is fundamentally free from chatter and vibration problems due to absence of physical tool. The cutting action is cool because the carrier gas itself serves as a coolant and takes away the heat.
If the cutting points embedded in the counter face it is commonly called as two-body abrasion, or if the cutting points loose within the contact zone then it is called three-body abrasion. Abrasion makes considerable scratches and scoring marks on the worn surface, and the debris produced by abrasion will act like cutting chips similar to those produced during machining operations comparatively at a much finer scale. Most of the models associated with abrasive wear incorporate geometric asperity descriptions, and hence wear rates turn out to be quite dependent on the shape and apex angles of the abrasive points moving along the surface. There are two types of deformation occurs when an abrasive particle acts on the softer material. The first mode is plastic grooving, also called as ploughing, in which a prow is pushed ahead of the particle, and material is continually moved sideways to form ridges adjacent to the developing groove. In this no material is removed from the surface. The second mode is similar to cutting, because it is similar to micromachining and all the material displaced by the particle is removed as a chip. Figure (1.4 & 1.5) shows the two body and three body abrasive wear mechanisms respectively
?Small Shop Gains Edge with Robotic Welding.? Welding Design & Fabrication (Aug. 2001): 42 EBSCOhost. Online. Nov. 2002 .
Annealing and tempering are not the same types of heat treatment. Annealing can be defined as heating the steel to aus...