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Recommended: Importance of informal education to formal education
A. Putt
EESL 690
Mentoring Story
Our textbooks throughout this program often have had a scenario of one teacher speaking to another teacher about an ESL student having more English ability than they exhibit in the classroom setting. This situation presented itself this semester. Two colleagues engaged me in conversation about our ESL population, due to the fact that I am taking ESL coursework. They inquired about a few students in particular. These two educators questioned the students’ academic understanding and ability compared to their social interactions with other students.
This situation gave me the perfect transition into the differences of BICS and CALPS. I was able to explain the differences between social and academic language. Many educators do not take into considerations the variety of acquisitions that may occur within learning a new language. The next day I provided them with this link: http://esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/cummin.htm. I felt that if they focused on the first two sections, they would have a better understanding of their ESL population. We often expect particular ability levels that are not realistic of many of our pupils. This conversation led me to explain the length of time that is
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The United States considers formal education a fundamental. In many areas of the world formal education is out of reach for the majority of the population. I even suggested that they might want to look at a presentation about multiculturalism. I provided them with our multicultural QR code man. I, personally, doubt they looked at the presentation, but it was a positive interaction to be able to provide them with the opportunity to view the information. I also felt confident that my colleagues would come to me again in the future and even refer me to others: teachers, parents, and/or community
“Let Them Talk!” written by Wayne E. Wright is an article that focuses on the idea of promoting English Language Learners (ELL) oral-language skills in the classroom instruction time to improve their literacy and academic achievement. Too often are an ELL’s speaking and listening skills overlooked and not given enough attention to, even though it is one of the most important parts of communication. Wright encourages teachers working with ELL students to allow time for the student to adjust, not to pressure them into their language development, respect their various stages, bring them into whole class and small group discussions, correct simple language errors in speaking that impeded comprehension, and have them interact and communicate in the classroom for meaningful purposes.
Lisa Delpit’s book, “The Skin We Speak”, talked about language and culture, and how it relates to the classroom. How we speak gives people hits as to where we are from and what culture we are a part of. Unfortunately there are also negative stereotypes that come with certain language variations. There is an “unfounded belief that the language of low income groups in rural or urban industrial areas is somehow structurally “impoverished” or “simpler” than Standard English” (Delpit 71). The United States is made of people from various cultures and speak many different variations of languages. As teachers we must be aware of some of the prejudices we may have about language and culture.
After reviewing the ELL’s interview for semantic errors, I realized the student would leave out or misuse pronouns while answering interview questions. When the student talks about his little brother staying at home, he interchangeably uses the words he/she. At times, the student would also make semantic errors when using negative contractions. During the interview, the most common error made was the uses the word don instead of don’t. For example, “I’m thinking, I don know….”. He errors when using negative semantics when answering the question, “Do you know what you want to be when you grow up”.
The purpose of this study is to figure out which ways experienced teachers work best with culturally and linguistically diverse students. This study illustrates which strategies experienced teachers have found to work best. The diversity in school in the United States has increased each year. This means that there are an increasing amount of students who are learning English, English language learners (ELLs). This article comes from the perspective that each child should be taught to their specific needs. All students deserve a fair chance to learn. Fair means that every student is treated differently, not equally. Every student learns differently. In order to give every student a fair chance at learning, you must teach them according to their needs. An experienced teacher, Tiffany, describes her experiences working with culturally and linguistically diverse students. This study watches her methods and discusses what works based on data analysis of the success of her students.
Due to the rise in immigration and the demographics of classrooms in America are changing. As a result, English Language Learners are becoming more common in schools. English Language Learners make up one of the largest demographics in the American Classroom (Flynn & Hill, 2005). These students have been observed to have a major achievement gap because many of these students are placed in mainstream classrooms with basic literacy skills. Many English Language Learners are born in the United States (Goldenberg, 2008). These students have only attended the school system in America. However, the achievement levels are nowhere near the level of their peers. According to Calderon, Slavin, and Sanchez (2011) “these students, who have been in U.S. schools since kindergarten, are still classified as limited English proficient when they reach middle or high school— suggesting strongly that preschool and elementary programs are not adequately addressing the needs of English learners.” The achievement gap between English Language Learners and native English speaking students is extremely high. English Language Learners tests scores are low. According to the 2007 National Assessment of Educational Progress, “fourth grade ELLs scored 36 points lower than their peers on the reading section of the test and 25 points below their peers in math. The results in eighth grade were worse with a difference of 42 points in reading and 37 points in math” (Goldenberg, 2008). The gap between ELLs and non-ELLs are three to eighteen points larger then students from low-income households.
Chen, Grace. "Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate - Public School Review." Public School Review - Profiles of USA Public Schools. 07 Apr. 2009. Web. 01 Feb. 2011.
...odel minority stereotype contributed to Keltner and Lily struggle with schooling by heightening parental “education fever” and increase academic as well as emotional burdens on Keltner and Lily who were already struggling with learning. Lily and Keltner stories suggest that each family or child should be understood in their specific learning contexts. Educators need to understand an individual child’s lived experiences and addresshis/her psychological and educational needs so that they can achieve his/her own success. Schools and policy maker can help educator to do so by developing appropriate curriculum that is oriented to ESL students, rather than using mainstream curriculum that does not fit the needs of ESL learners. Training teachers to implement classroom strategies that aim to understand students’ individual needs and foster students’ school home connection.
...ese students also felt that their academic abilities were judged on the basis of ethnic stereotypes. (Crosby, p. 136)
Teachers who work with English Language Learners know that academic language takes longer to achieve proficiency in than does conversational language. On average, ELL students need at least two years to achieve conversational language and, five to nine years to develop academic language proficiency. Many English words ELL students are exposed to in school, they have not yet learned or even heard in their first language, which makes transference of knowledge impossible. The vast differences in the ability to use conversational versus academic language can be a hindrance to these students and have lasting effects on their academics and therefore, their lives.
Teachers also find it difficult, due to lack of training, having ELL’s with learning disabilities in their classrooms. More teachers would find their selves comfortable if they had training in dealing with ELL’s and ELL’s with learning disabilities. This paper discusses the issues and the concerns teachers have in dealing with ELLs and ELLs with disabilities, the challenges of identifying individuals with learning disabilities, and what type of assessments classify English Language Learners as having a learning disability. First, teachers are rarely prepared to handle the challenges of assessing students who have a learning disability coupled with limited English proficiency (Haung, Milczarski, Raby, 2011). Teachers usually have trouble distinguishing between a learning disorders and acquiring a second language.
One of the first challenges that ELL instructors must come to terms with is the identification and assessment of their students’ learning capabilities in their classroom. Traditional identification instruments designed for English speakers may not be valid with English language learners. Identification of English language learners with special needs should include consideration of several factors, such as family history, developmental and health history, first language and literacy development, previous schooling, and the learners' current academic ability, just to name a few. Learning in any language is affected by learning disabilities, but second language learners with special needs present additional educational challenges. According to the British Columbia Ministry of Education, Skills, and Training (Fowler & Hooper, 1998), instructors of English language learners with special needs should consider the cultural, developmental, and first language background of the learner. They should also do the following: (1.) Provide a highly structured learning environment; (2.) Focus on contextual learning;
Short, D. (200). The ESL Standards: Bridging the Academic Gap for English Language Learners. ERIC Digest. <http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed447728.html>
Many researchers like Krashen (1985), Harmer (2007), and Turnbull (2001) emphasise that in most EFL (English as a foreign language) environment, a teacher’s English proficiency ...
BICS stands for Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills. These skills develop in around 1-2 years. BICS is social, conversational language that a person will pick up without specific instruction. BICS helps students develop CALP, Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency, which is learned in an educational setting. According to Cummins, academic vocabulary can be mastered in 5-7 years in an enriched environment, 7-10 years in non-enriched environment (Wright p.40). Teachers should encourage students to make connections between previous learning in their first language to support their academic language learning in their second language. Students need to be scaffolded and provided explicit instruction in their acquisition of CALP
Curtin, E. M. (2006). Lessons on effective teaching from middle school ESL students. Middle School Journal, 37(3), 38–45.