Abstract: How do different minerals found on other planets, affect the growth of bacteria. In this experiment, I will study the effect that extraterrestrial minerals have on the growth of E. Coli bacteria. To do this, I will prepare growth media for E. Coli, supplemented with increasing concentrations of minerals and chemical compounds found on the surface of the Moon, Mars and Vesta. Bacteria will be grown in liquid media or on petri dishes and their growth will be determined by the density of E. Coli in liquid media or by the number and size of colonies of E. Coli in petri dishes.
Introduction: In this experiment, I will be using K2O, AL2O3, TiO2, FEO and MgO as well was Maghemite and Hematite to simulate the environment in Yellowknife Bay on Mars. To simulate the environment on the protoplanet Vesta, I will be using Howardite, Eucrite, and Diogenite. For the Lunar environment, I will be using Ilmenite, Armalcolite and Troilite.
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Coli might behave in an extraterrestrial environment.
Materials: Maghemite, Hematite, Howardite, Eucrite, Diogenite, Ilmenite, Armalcolite and Troilite. Different growth media: Broth vs Agar, E. Coli bacterial culture, cellometer and Incubator.
Methods: Prepare 5 different concentrated solutions of each mineral
Inoculate liquid media with E. Coli and grow for 24 hours
Add different concentrations of each mineral and grow for another 24 hours
Count the number of cells in each E. Coli culture
Prepare Agar plates containing 5 different concentrations of each mineral
Streak E. Coli onto Agar plates
Incubate for 24 hours
Count number and determine size of colonies
Plot
After 48 hours of incubation the agar plates were viewed. Individual colonies were tested for successful isolation by gram staining and then viewing the stained bacteria under a microscope. Isolation was successful. One colony of each unknown bacteria was transferred to an agar slant for growth. The agar slants were stored at room temperature over the weekend so that they would not grow too much.
Streak plate technique was used to isolate pure culture for each bacteria (2). The Gram stain was used to determine Gram reaction and morphology of each bacteria (2) Selective and differential media such as, salt agar, MacConkey agar and blood agar were used for bacterial identification (2). Gelatin deeps were inoculated to detect production of gelatinase (2). Starch Agar plate were inoculated to detect amylase (2). Ocular reticle used to determine bacteria size (2). Motility deeps were inoculated to detect motility on bacteria (2). Thioglycollate broth used to determine oxygen requirements (2). Carbohydrate fermentation
ABSTRACT: Water samples from local ponds and lakes and snow runoff were collected and tested for coliform as well as Escherichia coli. Humans as well as animals come into contact with these areas, some are used for recreational activities such as swimming and some are a source of drinking water for both animals and humans The main goal of this experiment was to see which lakes, snow run off and ponds tested positive for coliform or Escherichia coli and to come up with some reasoning as to why. It was found that the more remote pond with less contact contained the most Escherichia coli. However, another lake that many swim in and use as their drinking water indeed tested positive for a small amount of Escherichia coli. The two samples from the snow showed negative results for both coliform and Escherichia coli and the two more public ponds that aren’t as commonly used as a source of human drinking water but animal drinking water tested in the higher range for coliforms but in the little to no Escherichia coli range. It was concluded that the remote pond should be avoided as it’s not a safe source of drinking water for humans or animals. Other than that, the the other ponds are likely to be safe from Escherichia coli, but coliforms are a risk factor.
Escherichia coli is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a bacterium with a cell wall that has many components. Escherichia coli can live without oxygen which means that it is a facultative anaerobe. It is also capable of fermenting lactose under anaerobic conditions, and in the absence of alternative electron acceptors. There are effects and various factors that limit its growth rate. Its morphology consists of a rod-shaped gram negative bacteria that is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation, human intestines, as well as the intestines of animals. Its presence can be good or bad.
Mannitol Salt Agar contains mannitol, 7.5% sodium chloride and a pH indicator red. This medium allows the growth of salt tolerant organism. Salt tolerant organisms can tolerate the high salt concentration found in Mannitol Salt agar and thus they grow readily. If mannitol is fermented, the acid produced turns the phenol red pH indicator from red (alkaline) to yellow (acid production). Most Staphylococcus bacteria can be grown on the media, but they do not ferment mannitol in this case the medium will appear pink or remains red. Unknown 413 had growth on the MSA agar and bright yellow media and colonies were seen. This means that unknown 413 ferments mannitol and acid was
One of the first people to study the xenoliths at El Joyazo was Zeck (1970); Zeck hypothesised that the xenoliths and dacitic lava of El Joyazo were derived syn-genetically from a semi-pelitic rock through anatexis. The protolith rock was thought to be separated into anatectic restites, represented by Al-rich xenoliths, and anatectic melt, represented by the dacitic lavas. The xenoliths were classified into three types: (1) almandine-biotite-sillimanite gneiss, (2) quartz-cordierite gneiss and (3) spinel-cordierite rock. Types 1 & 2 were interpreted as restite material as their structure corresponded to that of migmatitic restite, and type 3 as re-crystallised restite. It was suggested that this re-crystallisation would have taken place after that anatexis that produced types 1 & 2. Zeck described the lava, based on chemical composition, as an almandine bearing biotite-cordierite-labradorite rhyodacite. The xenoliths were described as well rounded fragments up to 40cm in diameter. The xenoliths were said to show a well developed foliation defined by biotite and sillimanite, with the exception of the spinel-cordierite rock, which exhibited a granoblastic texture. It was also noted that quartz is almost completely absent from these rocks with the exception of small, rare armoured relicts.
Eastfield College Microbiology Laboratory Manual, 1st edition, Oliver, T. D. (Book Must Be Purchased New from Eastfield Bookstore and Cannot Be Sold Back to Bookstore at the End of the Semester), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2013, Dubuque, IA. ISBN 9781465223784.
In the Leptis Magna site, the honeycomb weathering is found on steep surfaces in the salt
The bacteria that he discovered did not have a cell nucleus and its reproduction process was unknown. Though Karp’s work was destroyed in a lab explosion and no longer pursued, Stone and Leavitt were interested in how it could relate to the bacteria at Piedmont. Stone and Leavitt believed that bacteria could come from three sources: an organism from another planet or galaxy, bacteria that left Earth’s surface eons ago but remains in the upper atmosphere, and bacteria created by an Earth organism going to space and mutating into a different organism. The first source is improbable because though the bacteria could live in extreme conditions, it was not likely for bacteria to travel to another planet. Humans would have no immunity to bacteria in the second source and the bacteria would not be able to live with humans. The third source is the most probable because if bacteria did mutate in space, there is no way of knowing what it could do when it
Talaro , K., & Chess, B. (2012). Foundations in microbiology. (8th ed., pp. 563-564). New York, NY:
In this method, living spores which are resistant to whichever sterilizing agent is being tested are prepared in either a self contained system, such as dry sp...
Microbes are everywhere in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment in which they grow. The effects
Leboffe, M. J., & Pierce, B. E. (2010). Microbiology: Laboratory Theory and Application, Third Edition 3rd Edition (3rd Ed.). Morton Publishing
Every organism requires a specific environment in order to survive. Bacteria alike, different types of bacteria are able to survive and reproduce in different types of environment. Some factors that affect the growth of bacteria include temperature, presence of certain gases and pH of the medium it is in.
The field of geology has many different branches. Some of these areas have hardly anything in common. The one thing that they all include, though, is that each one concentrates on some part of the Earth, its makeup, or that of other planets. Mineralogy, the study of minerals above the Earth and in its crust, is different from Petrology, the st...